J Cancer 2021; 12(9):2735-2746. doi:10.7150/jca.57334 This issue Cite

Review

A snapshot of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway

Chinmoy Ghosh, Gary Luong, Yue Sun

Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.

Citation:
Ghosh C, Luong G, Sun Y. A snapshot of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway. J Cancer 2021; 12(9):2735-2746. doi:10.7150/jca.57334. https://www.jcancer.org/v12p2735.htm
Other styles

File import instruction

Abstract

Graphic abstract

Cancer cells can evade the attack from host immune systems via hijacking the regulatory circuits mediated by immune checkpoints. Therefore, reactivating the antitumor immunity by blockade of immune checkpoints is considered as a promising strategy to treat cancer. Programmed death protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligand programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) are critical immune checkpoint proteins that responsible for negative regulation of the stability and the integrity of T-cell immune function. Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 drugs have been developed for immune checkpoint blockade and can induce clinical responses across different types of cancers, which provides a new hope to cure cancer. However, the patients' response rates to current anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 therapies are still low and many initial responders finally develop resistance to these therapies. In this review, we provides a snapshot of the PD-1/PD-L1 molecular structure, mechanisms controlling their expression, signaling modulated by PD-1/PD-L1, current anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapies, and the future perspectives to overcome the resistance.

Keywords: immune checkpoint, PD-1, PD-L1, PD-L2, T cell, cancer immunotherapy


Citation styles

APA
Ghosh, C., Luong, G., Sun, Y. (2021). A snapshot of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway. Journal of Cancer, 12(9), 2735-2746. https://doi.org/10.7150/jca.57334.

ACS
Ghosh, C.; Luong, G.; Sun, Y. A snapshot of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway. J. Cancer 2021, 12 (9), 2735-2746. DOI: 10.7150/jca.57334.

NLM
Ghosh C, Luong G, Sun Y. A snapshot of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway. J Cancer 2021; 12(9):2735-2746. doi:10.7150/jca.57334. https://www.jcancer.org/v12p2735.htm

CSE
Ghosh C, Luong G, Sun Y. 2021. A snapshot of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway. J Cancer. 12(9):2735-2746.

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). See http://ivyspring.com/terms for full terms and conditions.
Popup Image