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J Cancer 2014; 5(6):398-405. doi:10.7150/jca.9132 This issue Cite

Research Paper

Non-Pegylated Liposomal Doxorubicin-Cyclophosphamide in Sequential Regimens with Taxanes as Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Breast Cancer Patients

Patrizia Vici¹ , Laura Pizzuti¹, Teresa Gamucci², Domenico Sergi¹, Francesca Conti¹, Germano Zampa³, Pietro Del Medico⁴, Roy De Vita⁵, Marcello Pozzi⁵, Claudio Botti⁶, Simona Di Filippo⁷, Federica Tomao⁸, Isabella Sperduti⁹, Luigi Di Lauro¹

1. Department of Medical Oncology B, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy, Rome, Italy
2. Medical Oncology Unit ASL Frosinone, Via Armando Fabi, 03100, Frosinone, Italy
3. Oncology Unit, Nuovo Regina Margherita Hospital, Via Emilio Morosini 30, 00153, Rome, Italy
4. Department of Medical Oncology, Reggio Calabria General Hospital, via Melacrino, 89100 Reggio Calabria, Italy
5. Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy
6. Department of Breast Surgery, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy
7. Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy
8. Department of Gynecologic and Obstetric Sciences, La Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
9. Biostatistics Unit, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy

✉ Corresponding author: Patrizia Vici, MD. Medical Oncology B, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute Via Elio Chianesi, 53, 00144 Rome (Italy). E-mail: pviciit; Tel. 00390652665584; Fax: 00390652665075

Abstract

Purpose: Chemotherapy regimens containing anthracyclines and taxanes represent the landmark of neoadjuvant systemic therapy of breast cancer. In advanced breast cancer patients liposomal anthracyclines (LA) have shown similar efficacy and less cardiac toxicity when compared to conventional anthracyclines. We performed this retrospective analysis in order to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of neoadjuvant regimens including LA outside of clinical trials in routine clinical practice.

Methods: Fifty operable or locally advanced, HER2 negative, breast cancer patients were retrospectively identified in 5 Italian cancer centres. Nineteen patients had received 4 cycles of non-pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (NPLD) and cyclophosphamide, followed by 4 cycles of docetaxel, every 3 weeks. In 25 patients the reverse sequence was employed, and a third subgroup of 6 patients received 4 cycles of NPLD/cyclophosphamide every 3 weeks followed by 4 cycles of weekly carboplatin and paclitaxel.

Results: We observed 10 pathological complete responses (pCR) (20.0%, 95%CI, 9% to 31%), and 35 (70%, 95%CI, 57.3% to 82.7%) partial responses (pPR), whereas no patients progressed onto therapy. In the small subset of triple negative tumors the pCR rate was 37.5%, and in tumors expressing ER and/or PgR it was 16.7%. A pCR rate of 26.5% was observed in tumors with high Ki-67, whereas in tumors with low Ki-67 only one (6.2%) pCR was observed (p=0.14). Treatments were well tolerated. The most common toxicities were myelosuppression and palmar-plantar erytrodysesthesia; 4 asymptomatic and transient LVEF decrease have been recorded, without any case of clinical cardiotoxicity.

Conclusions: NPLD-cyclophosphamide and taxanes sequential regimens were proven effective and well tolerated in breast cancer patients with contra-indication to conventional anthracyclines undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy, even outside of clinical trials in everyday clinical practice.

Keywords: Breast cancer, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, non-pegylated liposomal doxorubicin, retrospective analysis, everyday clinical practice

Background

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is commonly employed in operable and locally advanced breast carcinoma. It has several advantages, including downstaging the primary tumor with subsequent higher rates of breast conserving surgery, providing an in vivo chemosensibility test. Moreover, pathological complete response (pCR) at surgery is considered a surrogate marker for long-term outcome, even outside of clinical trials (1,2). Current neoadjuvant treatments sequentially combine an anthracycline-based regimen followed or preceeded by a taxane. Although an optimal regimen has not yet been established, a combination of four cycles of an anthracycline-based regimen and four cycles of a taxane might produce the higher pCR rate which, in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) negative tumors, usually ranges from 22% to 31% (3,4). In regards to the sequential order of administering anthracycline and taxane, no definite data are reported (5), even if some experiences in the advanced and adjuvant setting indicate the reverse sequence, with the taxane administered first, as equally effective and possibly less toxic (6-9).

Among the most life-threatening side effects of anthracyclines is cardiac toxicity. It has been described since the 1970s, as mainly chronic or late-onset cardiotoxicity, frequently leading to congestive heart failure, and it is well known how the risk of cardiotoxicity increases with higher cumulative doses of anthracyclines (10,11). The incidence and severity of cardiotoxicity is higher when anthracyclines are administered in bolus compared to continuous regimens, possibly related to higher plasmatic peak reached (12). Some predisponing factors are described, such as hypertension, age older than 65 years, previous mediastinal radiotherapy, concomitant use of other drugs such as paclitaxel, cyclophosphamide, trastuzumab. Guidelines recommend a maximum cumulative doxorubicin dose of 400-450 mg/m², with reported 3-4% of clinical cardiotoxicity, being the incidence of congestive heart failure up to 18% in patients receiving 700 mg/m² of doxorubicin. The incidence of congestive heart failure with epirubicin is lower, occurring in 0.7% of patients receiving a cumulative dose of 660 mg/m², and cumulative doses for epirubicin should not exceed 800-900 mg/m² (11,13,14). Numerous trials evaluated different techniques aimed to an early diagnosis of anthracyclines cardiomyopathy, or the use of cardioprotectant agents (15-19), but the issue of anthracycline cardiotoxicity still remains a significant challenge, particularly in the neoadjuvant and adjuvant breast cancer settings, where the goal of treatment is cure.

Encapsulating anthracyclines into liposomes allow patients to receive much higher doses of anthracycline delivered mainly into the tumor, while maintaining activity and fewer side effects, and formulations for clinical use are now available in clinical practice, slightly differing in pharmacological properties (20). The two formulations employed in breast cancer are the pegylated form (Caelix/Doxil®), and the non-pegylated doxorubin (NPLD, Myocet®). The latter was approved for the treatment of advanced breast cancer, and showed efficacy as a single agent or in combination with other drugs both in anthracycline-naïve and in pretreated breast cancer patients (21,22).

Liposomal anthracyclines (LAs) have shown equal efficacy in phase III trials, when compared with conventional anthracyclines in advanced breast cancer patients. Their unique formulation offers the advantages of lower specific toxicities and possibly increase efficacy, achieving a higher therapeutic index (23-28). The advantages associated to the use of these drugs opens a remarkable window of opportunity within a wider range of breast cancer patients, across different settings and including unfit or frail patients.

Data concerning cardiotoxicity were particularly encouraging, with a lower incidence of asymptomatic and symptomatic cardiac toxicity. In 2010, a systematic review on cardiotoxicity of different anthracycline compounds, confirmed that LAs strongly reduced the overall risk of cardiotoxicity (RR=0.38, p<0.0001) and the risk of clinical heart failure (RR= 0.20, p= 0.02) (29).

A recent meta-analysis, including nine randomized trials comparing in various tumors including advanced breast cancer, and liposomal and conventional anthracyclines, confirms that liposomal formulation offers an alternative to conventional anthracyclines for patients with previous history of cardiac disease, elderly or “frail”. Moreover, the incidence of other toxicities, such as haematological toxicity, were lower than those with conventional anthracyclines, making the liposomal formulation more attractive for elderly patients (30). Recently, the results of the CASA randomized adjuvant trial, evaluating pegylated liposomal doxorubicin and low dose metronomic cyclophosphamide and methotrexate in elderly and “frail” patients with triple negative advanced breast cancer have been published reporting favourable results (31).

In fact, the use of conventional anthracyclines in the neoadjuvant setting may warrant some level of risk, particularly in “frail” patients, such as patients with cardiovascular risks, or previous cardiac disease, or elderly patients with co-morbidities contra-indicating the use of “standard chemotherapy regimens”.

A number of small clinical trials with LAs in the neoadjuvant setting have been published, where LAs were combined with docetaxel and gemcitabine, or with paclitaxel, all reporting satisfactory activity and absence of cardiotoxicity (32,33), even if most of them are in HER2 positive tumors, in combination with trastuzumab (34,35).

In order to evaluate efficacy and tolerability of neoadjuvant regimens including LAs in “real-world” population, we performed a retrospective analysis of the results of NPLD-containing regimens followed or preceded by taxanes as neoadjuvant treatment in operable or locally advanced, HER2 negative, breast cancer patients with contra-indication to conventional anthracyclines.

Patients and methods

Patient clinical information, tumor characteristics, response rate and toxicity information were recorded. From April 2007 to February 2013, a total of 50 patients with operable or locally advanced breast cancer were retrospectively identified in 5 Italian cancer centres.

All primary breast cancers had undergone a core biopsy prior to neoadjuvant treatment, and staging work-up included complete blood count, chemistry, chest radiography, liver ultrasound or computed tomography scan of the liver and bone scan. Cardiac function evaluation included clinical history, a baseline left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) evaluation by echocardiogram, and an electrocardiogram, all repeated after 4 cycles, at the end of neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and during the follow up period, every 6 months or whenever indicated. All the evaluated patients had normal organ functions, aged > 18 years, and ECOG performance status (PS) ≤2. However, these patients were not considered suitable for “standard chemotherapy regimens”, due to co-morbidities, age (30 out of 50 patients were ≥ 65 years old), or “frailty”.

The assessment of proliferative index [percentage of Ki-67 stained cells], estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PgR) and HER2 were determined by standard methods on pre-treatment core-biopsy, and evaluation was repeated, whenever feasible, at definite surgery. Immunoreactions were revealed by a streptavidin-biotin enhanced immunoperoxidase technique in an automated autostainer (Bond™ Max, Menarini, Florence, Italy). ER and PgR expression were tested using mAb 6F11 (Menarini) and mAb 1A6 (Menarini) respectively, proliferative index using the anti Ki-67 mAb (MIB1, Dako), for HER2 overexpression using the polyclonal antibody A0485 (Dako). ER and PgR were considered positive when >1% of the neoplastic cells showed distinct nuclear immunoreactivity, whereas Ki-67, based on the median value of our series, was regarded as high if more than 14% of the cell nuclei were immunostained. Patients with HER2 positive tumors at baseline (Dako 3+, or 2+ but amplified by FISH or SISH) were excluded from the present analysis.

The choice of administering NPLD instead of a conventional anthracycline was determined by one or more of the following reasons: low PS, age ≥ 70 years, previous cardiac disease, severe or uncontrolled hypertension, “borderline” baseline LVEF (45% to 49%), or other medical conditions contra-indicating the use of “conventional” anthracycline-based regimens.

After standard premedication, 19 patients had received 4 cycles of NPLD (60 mg/m²) in combination with cyclophosphamide (600 mg/m²), followed by 4 cycles of docetaxel (100 mg/m²), with a three-weekly schedule. The reverse sequence was employed in 25 patients with docetaxel given prior to NPLD/cyclophosphamide regimen. A third subgroup of 6 patients received 4 cycles of NPLD/cyclophosphamide every 3 weeks followed by a weekly administration of carboplatin (AUC 2.5) and paclitaxel (80 mg/m²), on days 1, 8, 15 every 4 weeks for 4 cycles. Prophylactic granulocyte colony stimulating factors (G-CSF) were administered in the majority of patients, and all the patients received G-CSF in case of severe myelosuppression.

Toxicity was assessed at each treatment cycle using the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria (version 4.0).

Pathological response was evaluated in all enrolled patients at definite surgery. Pathological complete response (pCR) was defined as no residual invasive tumor in both breast and axilla (1).

Surgery procedures included breast conserving surgery or mastectomy, and complete axillary or sentinel node dissection. After surgery, patients were treated with standard radiotherapy and hormonal adjuvant therapy, whenever indicated.

Statistical design

Patient and disease characteristics were analysed using descriptive statistics, and expressed as either relative frequency [percentages] for discrete variables or median for continuous variables. The association between variables was tested by the Pearson Chi-Square or Fisher Exact test, when appropriate. Relapse-free survival (RFS) were calculated from date from definite surgery to local or distant invasive relapse, death, or last follow-up and plotted as Kaplan-Meier curves. The SPSS (21.0) statistical program was used for all analyses.

Percentages of pCR were reported with their exact binomial 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

This retrospective analysis was approved by the coordinating centre's Ethics Committee at the Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, and was carried out according the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

Results

Patients characteristics

From April 2007 to February 2013, 50 patients were retrospectively identified from 5 Italian cancer centres. Main patient characteristics are listed in Table 1. Median age was 67 (range, 34-76), with 30 patients older than 65 years; median PS status was 1 (range, 0-2); 42 tumors (84%) were ER and or PgR positive, 8 tumors were triple negative (TN). Clinical stage at baseline ranged from IIA to IIIC. The baseline mean breast tumor size was 4.5 cm; 48% of the patients had stage III disease, and 2 patients (4%) had inflammatory breast cancer. Forty-four tumors were invasive ductal carcinoma, and 6 tumors were invasive lobular carcinoma. Neoadjuvant treatment regimens are listed in Table 2.

Efficacy

Forty-five patients had an objective clinical response to neoadjuvant treatment, 5 patients had a stable disease. A pCR at surgery was observed in 10 patients (20.0%, 95%CI, 9% to 31%); in 35 patients a partial response (pPR) was observed (70%, 95%CI, 57.3% to 82.7%), whereas no patients progressed onto therapy (Table 3). In 1 patient achieving a pCR, isolated tumor cells were observed in the breast at surgery.

Among the small subset (8 patients) with TN tumors, we observed 3 pCR (37.5%), whereas in tumors expressing ER and or PgR the pCR rate was 16.7%. A pCR rate of 26.5% was observed in 34 tumors with high (>14%) Ki-67; conversely, in 16 tumors with low (<14%) Ki-67, only one (6.2%) pCR was observed (p=0.14). In the two cases of inflammatory breast cancers, one pCR and one pPR were observed.

In regards to the sequential order of administering LAs and taxanes, no apparent differences were observed in treatment efficacy or toxicity between the two schedules, but sample size is small.

In regards to surgery procedures, 30 patients (60.0%) underwent mastectomies, whereas 20 (40.0%) patients had breast conserving surgery. A complete axillary dissection was performed in 44 patients (88%), whereas a sentinel node biopsy was performed in 6 patients (12%). Forty-two patients with tumor expressing hormonal receptors at baseline biopsy received adjuvant hormonal therapy for 5 years; postoperative radiotherapy was administered as clinically indicated. In 1 patient with residual tumor at surgery, HER2 was negative at baseline biopsy, but resulted amplified at definite surgery, and the patient was treated with adjuvant trastuzumab for 1 year.

With a median follow up of 48 months (range, 6 to 64 months), 5 recurrences were observed: 2 lymphonodes and skin, 3 visceral, and 1 second primary lung cancer was recorded. As expected, no recurrences were observed in the 10 patients who achieved a pCR, disease progression being observed only in patients not achieving a pCR. The 3-years relapse-free survival was 87.0% (Figure 1).

 Figure 1 

Three-years relapse free survival.

Toxicity

Regarding treatment tolerability, regimens were quite well tolerated overall. Forty-four patients (92%) completed eight cycles of neoadjuvant treatment, with 2 patients discontinuing docetaxel regimen after 2 and 3 cycles, (at the 6^th and 7^th cycle of the whole chemotherapy plan), respectively, for G4 neutropenia, and 2 patients discontinuing NPLD after the third cycle of the second part of chemotherapy plan for G3 palmo-plantar erytrodysesthesia (PPE).

The safety of the regimens is reported in Table 4. The main toxicity observed during treatment administration was myelosuppression, occurring mostly while on docetaxel administration, with grade 3-4 neutropenia observed in 22 patients (24% and 20%, respectively), and PPE, which was of grade 3 in 4 patients (8%); neutropenic fever was observed in 3 patients (6%), during docetaxel-based regimen. G-CSF had been administered in all but 8 patients (prophylactively in 33 and after significant neutropenia in 9 patients). No episodes of grade 3 or 4 vomiting was observed. Mucositis was common, but usually mild, being of grade 3 in 2 patients (4%), and occurring on docetaxel administration. Severe alopecia was uncommon during NPLD administration, in contrast it was universal while on taxanes administration. No severe neurotoxicity was observed, being only of grade 1-2. An allergic reaction to docetaxel, consisting in flushing and pruritus, was observed in 9 patients, not requiring treatment discontinuation. A 25% docetaxel dose-reduction was performed in 5 patients, due to myelosuppression (4 patients) or mucositis (1 patient). As reported above, in 2 patients NPLD had to be discontinued after the third cycle (after 7 cycles of chemotherapy plan) due to grade 3 PPE. As to cardiotoxicity, treatments were very well tolerated, with no cases of clinical cardiotoxicity. All the patients had at least a baseline echocardiogram and 2 subsequent evaluations after 4 and 8 cycles of neoadjuvant program, and were included in the cardiac function analysis. The median cardiac follow-up period was 48 months (range, 6- 64 months). We recorded only 4 cases (8%) of asymptomatic LVEF decrease (ranging from 10% to 15%), all occurring at the end of the NPLD administration, with a prompt recovery within 3 months. No differences in mean LVEF values according to NPLD regimen were recorded.

Overall, no significant differences in toxicity were observed according to age or any other prognostic factor. No toxic deaths were observed.

Discussion

Anthracyclines comprise of a group of the most active cytotoxic agents in breast cancer which are routinely administered in the pre-operative treatment for operable or locally advanced breast cancer. However, their limits reside in the low therapeutic index, mainly for cumulative cardiotoxicity, where current standard chemotherapy regimens may not be adequate for all breast cancer patients, such as elderly patients or patients with comorbidities. In recent years in fact, elderly women make up a large portion of breast cancer patients and, after a geriatric assessment, only a minor part are considered “fit”, with the remaining portion showing one or more physical or functional limitations or familiar/social problems, thus categorized “frail”. Moreover, there are patients that, even if young, have “borderline” medical conditions, such as unsatisfactory renal, liver function, or cardiac function, or poor performance status. In this setting, it may be more appropriate to substitute “classic” anthracyclines with LAs, which are known to concentrate into neoplastic tissue and to reduce the exposure of the drug to normal tissues, showing a favourable safety profile with comparable clinical activity (26,27).

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy has been widely used in patients with operable and locally advanced breast cancer in order to increase the rate of breast conserving surgery and to obtain a better long-term outcome, and sequential regimens of anthracycline-based schemes followed or preceded by a taxane are considered the “standard” even outside clinical trials (36-39). Given the clinical relevance of including anthracyclines in the neoadjuvant setting (40), the use of a liposomal delivery system may improve the therapeutic ratio, as previously reported by neoadjuvant studies employing LAs in HER2 positive tumors in combination with trastuzumab (41).

The results of our study suggest that NPLD may offer an attractive alternative to conventional anthracyclines in the treatment of early breast cancer. In this retrospective multicentric analysis, we observed a pCR of 20%, which is not dissimilar to the pCR rate observed with conventional anthracyclines and sequential taxane-based regimens in the subgroup of HER2 negative tumors (3,4). In fact, in our case study more than 80% of the tumors were ER and/or PgR positive at baseline, and it is well known how this subset of tumors usually reaches low rates of pCR after neoadjuvant treatments (2). Moreover, a 40% of breast-conservative surgery was observed, even if 48% of the tumors were stage III at baseline. All the 3 treatment regimens employed were well tolerated, grade 3-4 toxicities were observed rarely, mostly during docetaxel delivery. The only grade 3 side-effect, possibly related to NPLD administration, was PPE, observed in 4 patients (8%). This side effect was usually cumulative-dose related, occurring with NPLD doses higher than 180 mg/m², and prompted treatment discontinuation in 2 patients after the third cycle. In the remaining 2 patients PPE was of grade 2, evolving to grade 3 only at the end of the neoadjuvant treatment, with subsequent rapid improvement and disappearance.

It is too early to evaluate whether achieving a pCR will result in predicting long-term favourable outcome, since the follow-up period is still too short, even if, to date, recurrences observed have only been in patients not experiencing a pCR. We recognise that our study is limited by its retrospective design, lack of an appropropriate comparator group, limited follow-up period and small number of patients but, even though complete serial cardiac evaluation information was not available for all patients, the absence of any symptomatic cardiac toxicity, and the low incidence (8%) of asymptomatic and transient LVEF decrease seem to confirm the cardiac safety of NPLD-based regimens as neoadjuvant treatment, even in “frail” patients, and in routine clinical practice.

The majority of the clinical trials employing LA in breast cancer are in advanced disease. The randomized trials of Batist and Harris first confirmed the equivalent activity and lower toxicity of NPLD in comparison with conventional doxorubicin (25,26). The phase III randomized trial by Chan, comparing NPLD versus epirubicin, in combination with cyclophosphamide, as first-line chemotherapy, showed comparable efficacy and tolerability, even in terms of cardiotoxicity, even though epirubicin is known to be less cardiotoxic than doxorubicin (27). A more recent pilot randomized study evaluated a conventional chemotherapy regimen including epirubicin versus a NPLD-based regimen in advanced breast cancer, and the tissue doppler imaging (TDI) evaluation confirmed the low cardiotoxicity of liposomal doxorubicin (42).

The biological heterogeneity of breast cancer is well known, and the identification of markers predictive of therapeutic response is a major challenge in breast cancer, mainly in the neoadjuvant setting, as well as incorporation of biological agents in primary treatment regimens. Significant encouraging results are achieved mainly in HER2 positive tumors, whereas in TN or in ER and/or PgR positive tumors established and efficacious targeted agents are lacking, being chemotherapy and endocrine therapy still the mainstay of treatment. In this setting, the availability of neoadjuvant sequential regimens devoid of significant cardiotoxicity and with a favourable therapeutic index, even in “frail” patients, may be of paramount relevance in routine clinical practice.

In conclusion, the results from this multicenter retrospective analysis on neoadjuvant NPLD-cyclophosphamide and taxanes sequential regimens in operable and locally advanced HER2 negative breast cancer patients with contra-indication to anthracyclines are encouraging, even with the limitation of the small sample size. Even if further data are required to confirm these promising findings, particularly in the longer term, our analysis indicate an efficacy comparable to the literature data, and confirmed a favourable toxicity profile, suggesting that NPLD-based regimens as primary chemotherapy may improve therapeutic index in patients not suitable to receiving a conventional anthracycline-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and outside of clinical trials in everyday clinical practice.

Acknowledgements

We thank Anna Maria Edlisca and Tania Merlino for technical assistance.

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interest exists.

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Author contact

Corresponding author: Patrizia Vici, MD. Medical Oncology B, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute Via Elio Chianesi, 53, 00144 Rome (Italy). E-mail: pviciit; Tel. 00390652665584; Fax: 00390652665075

Received 2014-3-17
Accepted 2014-4-4
Published 2014-4-25

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