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J Cancer 2016; 7(6):664-670. doi:10.7150/jca.14183 This issue Cite

Research Paper

Circulating EBV DNA, Globulin and Nodal Size Predict Distant Metastasis after Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy in Stage II Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

Xiao-Jing Du¹, Ling-Long Tang¹, Yan-Ping Mao¹, Rui Guo¹, Ying Sun¹, Ai-Hua Lin², Jun Ma¹

1. Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Guangzhou 510060, China;
2. Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Road, Guangzhou 510060, China.

✉ Corresponding author: Jun Ma, M.D., Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China. Telephone: +86-20-87343469 Fax: +86-20-87343295 E-mail: majun2sysu.edu.cn. More

Abstract

Background: The optimal treatment for early-stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) remains controversial. Identification of prognostic factors for metastasis and tumor progression is urgently required to improve clinical decision-making for patients with American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) 2009 stage II NPC from the endemic area.

Methods: Consecutive newly-diagnosed patients (n=296) with non-disseminated, biopsy-proven stage II NPC were retrospectively reviewed; all patients received intensity-modulated radiotherapy and MRI follow-up. Plasma EBV DNA level, serum lactate dehydrogenase, serum albumin, serum globulin and leukocyte counts were measured before therapy. Survival rates were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test and multivariate Cox proportional hazards model.

Results: Median follow-up was 50.2 months (range, 8-69.5 months). Multivariate analysis demonstrated a plasma Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA level ≥ 4000 copies/mL, maximal axial diameter (MAD) of the cervical lymph nodes ≥ 30 mm and serum globulin level < 29.5 g/L were independent predictors of poor DMFS (P = 0.018; P = 0.019; P = 0.006, respectively). On the basis of these parameters, a prognostic model was developed as follows: 1) patients with no risk factors; 2) one risk factor; and 3) two or three risk factors. The 3-year distant metastasis-free survival rates for groups 1, 2 and 3 were 100%, 94.6% and 84.3%, respectively (P = 0.001).

Conclusion: The prognostic model based on EBV DNA, serum globulin and nodal size may facilitate individualized treatment of patients with stage II NPC at high risk of distant metastasis.

Keywords: prognostic model, Epstein-Barr virus DNA, serum globulin, nodal size, metastasis, nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

Introduction

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is endemic in Southeast Asia, with an annual incidence of 30-80 per 10,000 [1]. NPC is usually poorly differentiated or undifferentiated, in a complex anatomic location and has a high radiosensitivity. The current standard therapy is combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy for locally advanced NPC and radiotherapy alone for early-stage disease [2]. Patients with American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) 2009 stage II NPC appear to have a relatively favorable prognosis and are generally excluded from trials of combined modality treatments [3]. However, a significant heterogeneity in treatment outcomes is observed for patients within the same clinical stages and a subset of patients with stage II NPC are considered to be at higher risk of tumor progression [4].

In several retrospective studies of early-stage NPC patients, distant metastasis was the predominant pattern of failure after radiotherapy alone [5-8]. Chen et al. published the first randomized phase III prospective study and demonstrated concurrent chemoradiotherapy was associated with better distant control and overall survival in patients with stage II NPC undergoing two-dimensional conventional radiotherapy (2D-CRT) [9]. In recent years, intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) has gradually replaced 2D-CRT as the primary radiotherapy modality in NPC as a result of its improved dose distribution and ability to increase locoregional control and long-term survival [10, 11]. However, distant control remains unsatisfactory [2, 6-8]. Due to the uncertainty regarding the value of chemotherapy in stage II NPC in the IMRT era, it would be of clinical interest to identify prognostic factors for distant metastasis or tumor progression that would enable physicians to identify subgroups of patients who may benefit from more aggressive individualized therapy.

Although the Tumor, Node, Metastasis (TNM) staging system is generally accepted as the most valuable prognostic factor to guide therapy in NPC, accumulating data suggests that the plasma Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA level and several other serum markers may be useful prognostic factors for distant metastasis after treatment in NPC [4,12-15]. Therefore, the aims of the present study were to evaluate the prognostic value of a number of clinical characteristics and laboratory variables and design a prognostic model for distant metastasis in patients with AJCC 2009 stage II NPC.

Patients and methods

Patients

All patients with newly diagnosed, biopsy-proven, non-metastatic NPC treated at Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center using IMRT between October 2009 and February 2012 were retrospectively analyzed. In all, 1811 patients were evaluated, of whom 381 (21.0%) were diagnosed with stage II disease according to the 7th edition of the AJCC staging system [16]. Of these, 85/381 (22.3%) cases were subsequently eliminated as a result of lacking complete laboratory data. Thus, 296 patients were included in this analysis. The study was performed after the ethical approval from Institutional Review Board of Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center. Informed consent was obtained from each patient for their consent to have their information used in research without affecting their treatment option or violating their privacy.

Image assessment

All patients underwent MRI using a 1.5-T system to examine the region from the suprasellar cistern to the inferior margin at the sternal end of the clavicle with a head-and-neck combined coil. Two experienced radiologists separately evaluated the MRI images; disagreements were resolved by consensus. The diagnostic criteria for metastatic lymphadenopathy were in accordance with van den Brekel et al. and Tang et al. [17, 18]. Extracapsular spread of cervical lymph nodes was defined as the presence of indistinct nodal margins, irregular nodal capsular enhancement or infiltration into adjacent fat or muscle [17]. The location(s) of positive lymph nodes and the maximal axial diameter (MAD) in the largest plane based on cross-sectional imaging for the cervical lymph nodes were recorded.

Laboratory measurements

Plasma EBV DNA level, serum lactate dehydrogenase, serum albumin, serum globulin and leukocyte counts were measured at the same time within 2 weeks before initiation of therapy in all patients. Plasma EBV DNA level was measured using a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay targeting the BamH I-W region of the EBV genome [19, 20]. Serum lactate dehydrogenase, albumin and globulin measurements were performed with an automated immunoturbidmetric analyzer (7600-020; Hitachi High-Technologies, Tokyo, Japan). Blood counts were performed using a Sysmex XE-5000 automated hematology analyzer (Sysmex, Kobe, Japan).

Treatment

All patients were treated using IMRT with one fraction daily 5 days per week. The prescribed radiation dose was: a total dose of 68-70 Gy in 30-33 fractions at 2.13-2.27 Gy/fraction to the planning target volume (PTV) of the GTV-P, 60-70 Gy to the nodal gross tumor volume PTV (GTV-N), 60 Gy to the PTV of CTV-1 (high-risk regions), and 54-56 Gy to the PTV of CTV-2 (low-risk regions and neck nodal regions). During the study period, institutional guidelines recommended no chemotherapy for T2N0 disease and concurrent chemotherapy for T1-2N1 disease. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy was administered when the waiting time for radiotherapy was considered to be longer than acceptable (> 4 weeks) or when it was considered advantageous to downsize bulky tumors. In total, 209/296 (70.6%) patients received chemotherapy, of whom 191 (64.5%) received concurrent chemotherapy. Concurrent chemotherapy consisted of cisplatin every 3 weeks or cisplatin weekly. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy consisted of two or three cycles of cisplatin with 5-fluorouracil, or cisplatin with taxanes every 3 weeks.

Follow-up

After completion of therapy, patients were examined every 3 months during the first 2 years, and every 6 months thereafter for up to 5 years or until death. Median follow-up was 50.2 months (range, 8-69.5 months). No patients were lost to follow-up. The following end points (time to first defining event) were assessed: distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS), progression-free survival (PFS), local relapse-free survival (LRFS) and overall survival (OS).

Statistical analysis

All calculations were performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 20.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). Grouping of patients by serum LDH level and hemoglobin was carried out using standard or previously published thresholds [13, 21]. A cutoff of 4,000 copies/mL was chosen to define low and high EBV DNA levels; when using the same assay, this threshold has previously been shown to be prognostic for distant failure in patients with early-stage NPC [4]. Leukocyte counts and serum albumin and globulin levels were analyzed as binary variables using the median values as cut-off levels, which is more than or equal to median as the high group and less than median as the low group. Survival rates were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank test in univariate analysis. Multivariate analysis using a Cox proportional hazards model was used to test independent significance by backward elimination of insignificant explanatory variables. Pearson chi-square (χ2) tests or Fisher's exact test (when the expected number per cell was <5) was used to analyze categorical variables. A two-tailed P-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

Clinicopathological features and treatment outcomes

The clinicopathological characteristics of the 296 patients, including 205 (69.3%) males and 91 (30.7%) females, are presented in Table 1. The median age at diagnosis was 44 years (range, 20-77). Based on the World Health Organization criteria, 99.7% of patients had type II or III disease and 0.3% had type I disease. All patients were staged according to the 7th edition of the AJCC staging system for NPC [16].

By last follow-up, 36/296 patients (12.2%) had experienced tumor progression after treatment, including 25 (8.4%) who developed local or regional recurrence and 17 (5.7%) who developed distant metastasis. By the end of follow-up, 9/296 patients (3.0%) had died of NPC. The 3-year OS, PFS, DMFS, and LRFS rates were 98.6%, 89.1%, 94.6%, and 93.2%, respectively.

Prognostic factors for distant metastasis and tumor progression

Univariate analysis identified a cervical lymph node MAD ≥ 30 mm (P = 0.030), extracapsular spread of cervical lymph nodes (P = 0.046), a plasma EBV DNA level ≥ 4,000 copies/mL (P = 0.012) and serum globulin level < 29.5 g/L (P = 0.025) as significant prognostic factors for poor DMFS. The cervical lymph node MAD (P = 0.014), chemotherapy (P = 0.032) and serum globulin level (P = 0.033) were also significantly associated with PFS (Table 1). The Kaplan-Meier curves for DMFS are shown in Figure 1.

Multivariate analysis for DMFS was performed to adjust for various prognostic factors (Table 2). Plasma EBV DNA level, cervical lymph node MAD and serum globulin were validated as independent prognostic factors for distant metastasis in patients with stage II NPC (P = 0.018; P = 0.019; P = 0.006, respectively).

Prognostic model for distant metastasis in stage II NPC

We constructed a prognostic model for distant metastasis in stage II NPC. Patients were divided into three subgroups according to the pre-treatment plasma EBV DNA, globulin level and cervical lymph node MAD as follows: 1) patients with 0 risk factors (97 patients); 2) patients with 1 risk factor (148 patients); and 3) patients with 2-3 risk factors (51 patients). The main clinical features of patients in each subgroup are presented in Table 3. The 3-year DMFS rates for groups 1, 2 and 3 were 100%, 94.6% and 84.3% (P = 0.001) and the 3-year PFS rates were 95.8%, 89.2% and 78.3%, respectively (P = 0.002). The DMFS and PFS curves for the three groups clearly separated from each other (Figure 2).

 Figure 1 

Factors related outcome regarding DMFS. Kaplan-Meier distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) curves for patients with stage II NPC stratified by plasma EBV DNA level (A), serum globulin concentration (B), maximal axial diameter (MAD) of the cervical lymph nodes (C), and extracapsular spread of cervical lymph nodes (D).

 Figure 2 

Prognostic model for DMFS and PFS in stage II NPC. Kaplan-Meier distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) curves (A) and progression-free survival (PFS) curves (B) for patients with stage II NPC stratified using the prognostic score model based on plasma EBV DNA, serum globulin and maximal axial diameter (MAD) of the cervical lymph nodes.

Discussion

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to create a prognostic model for distant metastasis based on pre-treatment clinical features and laboratory variables in stage II NPC. Nodal size is an important prognostic factor that reflects the tumor burden, thus to be included in the UICC/AJCC staging system. Compared to palpation-based greatest dimension of cervical lymph nodes, the MAD measured on MRI imaging was considered to be more accurate in evaluating nodal size [22]. Although previous studies failed to demonstrate the prognostic value of nodal MAD [22, 23], we suggested a cervical lymph node MAD ≥ 30 mm as potential stratification factor for AJCC 2009 stage II NPC patients.

Consistent with previous findings in both early-stage NPC [4, 24] and all stages of NPC [12, 24, 25], a high pre-treatment plasma EBV DNA level was prognostic for distant metastasis after IMRT in AJCC 2009 stage II NPC. EBV, also called human herpes virus 4, has one of the highest human infection rates. EBV and its gene products are associated with the non-keratinizing subtypes of NPC in the endemic region, and the virus plays both a pathogenic and prognostic role in NPC. With the development of a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for EBV DNA in recent years, numerous groups have confirmed that the circulating EBV DNA concentration is significantly associated with tumor stage, residual disease, distant metastasis, and OS [4, 12, 24-27]. The circulating EBV DNA concentration has been demonstrated to be a sensitive marker of tumor burden in NPC and a high pre-treatment plasma EBV DNA level has been linked to the manifestation of occult distant metastases [4, 24].

Furthermore, this is the first report that a high pre-treatment serum globulin level was associated with favorable DMFS in stage II NPC. High globulin levels are thought to arise due to elevated accumulation of acute-phase proteins, immunoglobulins and other serum proteins, which are reflective of both an inflammatory state and the host humoral immune response. As a virus-associated human cancer, NPC exhibits the characteristic histopathologic features of a dense inflammation-rich background [28]. In contrast to the normal antitumor functions, tumor-infiltrating immune cells are considered to facilitate the progression of NPC by producing chemokines and cytokines [29]. Additionally, as a non-specific response secondary to tumor necrosis or local tissue damage caused by tumor-host cell interactions, systemic inflammation may further promote tumor growth by inducing metabolic disturbances [30]. There is increasing evidence that systemic inflammation promotes an unfavorable outcome in various types of cancer. However, it is of interest to note that although a number of systemic inflammation-based factors are predictive of poor survival in NPC, a high serum globulin level seems to be a superior prognosticator for lower risk of distant metastasis in stage II NPC. This finding is in contrast to our previous study in advanced stage NPC [15].

To explain the disparity in the prognostic value of the serum globulin level in patients with different clinical stages of NPC, we hypothesize the host humoral immune response is mostly responsible for elevated serum globulin levels in early-stage NPC, while systemic inflammation may mainly regulate serum globulin levels in advanced disease. Several facts support this hypothesis. Firstly, EBV usually persists as a latent infection within the host before carcinogenesis occurs. Compared to healthy EBV carriers, patients with NPC have higher titers of serum immunoglobulins against EBV proteins, which are mainly associated with the virus replicative/lytic cycle [29]. These serological alterations are reflective of the host immune humoral response and indicative of adaptive immunity induced by aberrant reactivation of the virus from the latent phase into the replicative/lytic phase, and are often observed in advance to tumor development [31]. According to the cancer immunoediting theory, the host immune system interacts with the tumor in three sequential phases: elimination, equilibrium and escape. In the elimination phase, host innate and adaptive immunity co-operate as an extrinsic tumor suppressor. However, tumor cells may not be completely eliminated and enter into an equilibrium phase, during which adaptive immunity controls the growth of the tumor and at the same time edits tumor cell immunogenicity, selecting for cells with increased capacity to survive immune attack. Finally, the edited tumor cells with reduced immunogenicity begin to progressively grow in the escape phase [32, 33]. Thus, despite the fact that tumor cells possess systemic immunodeficiency during the progression of NPC [32], the efficient humoral immune response against EBV proteins that occurs during early-stage disease may possibly reduce the risk of occult metastasis and lead to a better clinical outcome. Secondly, there is evidence that the systemic inflammatory response may play a greater role in advanced disease, as reflected by the higher serum acute-phase protein concentrations observed in patients with locally advanced NPC compared to early-stage disease [34].

Similarly to most other human tumor types, the major challenges in NPC treatment are assessment of the risk of metastasis and the development of preventive treatments. Our prognostic model combines the prognostic ability of the plasma EBV DNA, globulin levels and nodal size with the clinical implications of both tumor burden and the host immune responses. Based on this model, patients with stage II NPC could be separated into three risk groups with distinct survival outcomes. Additionally, the prognosis of patients with stage II disease who had more than one risk factors was similar to that of patients with locally advanced disease treated with IMRT [35]. This suggests the proposed prognostic model is a good complement to the TNM classification for NPC.

The major limitations of this study are its retrospective single-center design and the lack of measurement of the specific constituents of serum globulin. It would be of interest to further investigate the nature of the host humoral response towards EBV and its relationship with prognosis in NPC. Furthermore, a prospective study is required to validate the proposed prognostic model.

In conclusion, plasma EBV DNA, globulin levels and cervical lymph node MAD are independent prognostic factors for distant metastasis in stage II NPC and were combined to create a prognostic model that could be used to select patients who may benefit from combined therapy. The findings of this study may be useful when designing future clinical trials that focus on the management of early-stage NPC.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by grants from the Health & Medical Collaborative Innovation Project of Guangzhou City of China (201400000001) and the National Science & Technology Pillar Program during the Twelfth Five-year Plan Period (2014BAI09B10).

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Author contact

Corresponding author: Jun Ma, M.D., Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Guangzhou 510060, People's Republic of China. Telephone: +86-20-87343469 Fax: +86-20-87343295 E-mail: majun2sysu.edu.cn.

Received 2015-10-20
Accepted 2016-1-22
Published 2016-3-20

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