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J Cancer 2017; 8(1):97-103. doi:10.7150/jca.16819 This issue Cite

Research Paper

High Expression of LINC01420 indicates an unfavorable prognosis and modulates cell migration and invasion in nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Liting Yang^1,2,3, Yanyan Tang^1,2, Yi He^2,4, Yumin Wang^1,2, Yu Lian², Fang Xiong¹, Lei Shi^2,5, Shanshan Zhang¹, Zhaojian Gong^2,5, Yujuan Zhou⁴, Qianjin Liao^2,4, Ming Zhou^1,2,3, Xiaoling Li^1,2, Wei Xiong^1,2,3, Yong Li^1,2,6, Guiyuan Li^1,2,3, Zhaoyang Zeng^1,2,3 , Can Guo^1,2,3

1. The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China;
2. The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China;
3. Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China;
4. Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China;
5. The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
6. Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.

✉ Corresponding authors: Zhaoyang Zeng, zengzhaoyangedu.cn; Can Guo, guocdeedu.cn.

Abstract

Recent studies demonstrated that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) deregulated in many cancer tissues including nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and had critical roles in cancer progression and metastasis. In this study, we aimed to assess a lncRNA LINC01420 expression in NPC and explore its role in NPC pathogenesis. Our research revealed that the expression level of LINC01420 in NPC tissues were higher than nasopharyngeal epithelial (NPE) tissues. Moreover, NPC patients with high LINC01420 expression level showed poor overall survival. Knockdown LINC01420 inhibited NPC cell migration and invasion in vitro. In summary, LINC01420 may play a critical role in NPC progression and may serve as a potential prognostic biomarker in NPC patients.

Keywords: lncRNAs, nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Introduction

Head and neck cancer includes carcinomas arising from the mucosal epithelia of the head and neck region as well as various cell types of salivary glands and the thyroid [1]. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a kind of head and neck cancers, derived from the epithelial lining of the nasopharynx [2]. NPC is rare (annual incidence, < 1/100,000) in most parts of the world. However, it is endemic in regions such as southern China and Southeast Asia, where the annual incidence ranges from 3 to 30 per 100,000 persons. Epstein-Barr virus, environmental influences and heredity each play important roles in NPC development [3-10]. Undifferentiated carcinoma is the most common histological type of NPC and is associated with advanced local regional disease at diagnosis and a high incidence of distant metastasis. Distant relapse remains the major cause of treatment failure in NPC [11-17].

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are non-protein-coding transcripts that are > 200 nucleotides in length and reside in the nucleus or cytoplasm [18]. Although the function and mechanism of most lncRNAs remain unknown, accumulated evidence suggests that lncRNAs play important roles in the transcriptional, epigenetic, and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. More and more evidence has shown that lncRNAs are capable of influencing various cellular processes such as proliferation, cell cycle progression, cell growth, apoptosis and metastasis [19-22].

To find functional lncRNAs in NPC, we analyzed 2 previously published online datasets to find dysregulated lncRNAs in head and neck cancer. One novel lncRNA, LINC01420, was significantly overexpressed in the two head and neck cancer datasets. Then we examined the expression of LINC01420 in NPC tissues and demonstrated that LINC01420 might play a critical role in NPC progression and prognosis as a potential prognostic biomarker.

Materials and methods

Tissue samples

Two sets of tissue samples were collected for this study: Set 1 contained 26 NPC and 10 non-tumor NPE biopsies to verify LINC01420 expression with real-time PCR; Set 2 included 110 paraffin-embedded NPC tissue samples for in situ hybridization to confirm the expression of LINC01420. All tissue samples were collected from newly diagnosed NPC patients without any treatment at the Xiangya Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Central South University (Changsha, China). All the samples were handled according to the ethical and legal standards and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Xiangya Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya school of Medicine. All patients provided informed consent before surgery. After these specimens were confirmed by histopathological examination, these patients had received routine radiotherapy, and all of them were sensitive to radiotherapy [23].

RNA extraction and quantitative real-time PCR analyses (qRT-PCR)

Tissue RNA isolation and amplification were performed as our laboratory described previously [24-26]. Cell RNA was extracted using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, Carlbad, CA, USA). For qRT-PCR, RNA was reverse transcribed to cDNA by using a PrimeScript RT reagent Kit (Takara, Dalian, China). qRT-PCR was performed using a SYBR_Premix ExTaqⅡ kit (Takara, Dalian, China) in the CFX96 Real-Time PCR Detection System (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) to determine the relative expression levels of target genes. The sequences of qRT-PCR primers: LINC01420: forward primer 5'-CACTCTACCCTCCGCACC-3' and reverse primer 5'-AGGAAGTGAAATCGTGCTGA-3'; β-actin: forward primer 5'-TCACCAACTGGGACGACATG-3' and reverse primer 5'-GTCACCGGAGTCCATCACGAT-3'; β-actin was used as reference and normalization control.

Data mining and analysis

To find functional lncRNAs in NPC, we downloaded two head and neck GEO expression data from GEO database: GSE6791 and GSE30784 (Affymetrix Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 platform). We used Significant Analysis of Microarray (SAM) software to analyze the expression of lncRNAs between the non-tumor NPE biopsies and NPC tissue samples in the two datasets. The cut off value for differentially expressed lncRNA was set at ≥1.2-fold change and the false discovery ratio (FDR) was < 0.05.

In situ hybridization (ISH)

In situ hybridization was performed to detect LINC01420 expression in NPC specimens using three nucleotide probes from different LINC01420 regions.

The sequences of LINC01420 ISH probes: Probe-1: 5'-ATTTAAAGAGGGTGGGATTTGGTCAGAAACTCAC-3'; Probe-2: 5'-CAGGACTTGGACCTTCAACACGAAAAATTCAGAAT-3'; Probe-3: 5'-CACTTGAGAAAACCACTGTAGGACAAGAACAACAT-3'. The probes were synthesized and labeled with DIG-dUTP at the 3' and 5' end (Invitrogen, Shanghai, China). In situ hybridization was performed as previously described [12]. All sections were independently scored by two pathologists who were blinded to the clinicopathological features and the clinical data.

Cell line and siRNAs

Human nasopharyngeal epithelium cell line NP69 and nasopharyngeal carcinoma HNE1, HK-1, HNE2 and 5-8F cell lines were maintained in our laboratory [27-33]. Cell were maintained in RPMI 1640 supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Invitrogen, Shanghai, China) in a humidified incubator with 5% CO₂ at 37 ℃.

Three sequences of LINC01420 targeting siRNAs were: 5'-CAUCUCAGGUCUCUUGGCUUUGCCA-3'; 5'-GCGUUGGGAUUAUCCGGAAGGAACU-3'; and 5'-CCUCUGAGAUUUAAGGCCAUGCCCU-3'. Sequences of non-target scramble controls were provided by Invitrogen.

For gene knockdown, cells were seed overnight and transfected with either a mixture of three siRNAs that targeting LINC001420 or non-target scramble control siRNA (Invitrogen) using Lipofectamine RNAiMAX Reagent (Invitrogen) in OptiMEM medium (Invitrogen).

Cell migration and invasion assay

Cell migration was evaluated using a Transwell assay. A total of 2 × 10⁴ cells in 200 µl of serum-free medium were added to the top chamber of the transwell (8 µm pore size, BD Biosciences, New Jersey, USA) at 24h after siRNA transfection. The bottom well contained growth medium with 20 % FBS. Cells were incubated at 37°C for 24 h. After 24 h, the cells that had migrated to the lower face of the filters were fixed with 100% methanol and stained with 0.5% crystal violet and counted [24, 25].

Matrigel invasion assays were performed as described previously [34]. Briefly, filters coated with Matrigel in the upper compartment were loaded with 200µl serum-free medium containing 5 × 10⁴ transfected cells, and the lower compartment filled with 20% FBS. After 24 h, migrated cells on the bottom surface were fixed with 100% methanol and counted after staining with 0.5% crystal violet.

Numbers of invaded cells were counted in six randomly selected fields under a microscope, and the average value was calculated. Each experiment was conducted in triplicate.

Statistical analysis

The expression levels of LINC01420 in NPC and NPE tissues were analyzed by unpaired t test. The chi-square and t tests were performed to assess the relationship between LINC01420 expression and clinicopathological features. Overall survival (OS) was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method, and the results of the analysis were considered significant in a log-rank test if p < 0.05.

Results

LINC01420 is highly expressed in head and neck cancer

To find dysregulated lncRNAs in head and neck cancer, two online GEO datasets (GSE6791 and GSE30784) based on the Affymetrix HG_U133 Plus 2 arrays were reanalyzed. One novel lncRNA LINC01420 was significantly highly expressed in head and neck cancer compared with non-tumor tissues according to the GSE6791 (Normal, n = 14; Tumor, n = 42, p = 0.041, Fig. 1A) and GSE30784 (Normal, n = 62; Tumor, n = 167, p = 0.001, Fig. 1B) datasets.

LINC01420 is overexpressed in NPC

NPC is one kind of head and neck cancer that arise from cells in nasopharynx. To assess the role of LINC01420 in head and neck cancer, we examined the expression of LINC0142 in 26 NPC and 10 non-tumor nasopharyngeal epithelium samples using qRT-PCR. The results showed that LINC01420 was highly expressed in 26 NPC samples, compared with 10 non-tumor nasopharyngeal epithelium samples (p = 0.002, Fig. 2A). LINC01420 was also overexpressed in four NPC cell lines (HNE1, HK1, HNE2 and 5-8F) compared with NP69, a normal human nasopharyngeal epithelium cell line (Fig. 2B). These results suggested that LINC01420 was overexpressed in NPC.

Overexpression of LINC01420 predicts a poor prognosis and could be regarded as an independent predictor for overall survival in NPC

We next assessed the expression of LINC01420 in paraffin embedded NPC samples via in situ hybridization and found that LINC01420 expression was highly expressed in NPC cancer nests compared with surrounded nasopharyngeal epithelium (Fig. 3A and 3B). The correlation between LINC01420 expression and NPC clinicopathological features was also analyzed and the results demonstrated that the higher expression of LINC01420 was significantly correlated with NPC distant metastasis (p = 0.026, Fig. 3C) and the male NPC patients had a higher positive rate of LINC01420 than the female NPC patients (p = 0.029, Fig. 3D). However, LINC01420 expression did not correlate with other clinicopathological characteristics, such as age, clinical stage and relapse (data not show).

 Figure 1 

LINC01420 is highly expressed in head and neck cancer. LINC01420 significantly highly expressed in Gene Expression Profiling (GEP) datasets GSE6791 (Normal, n = 14; Tumor, n = 42, p = 0.041) and GSE30784 (Normal, n = 62; Tumor, n= 167, p = 0.001).

 Figure 2 

LINC01420 is highly expressed in NPC tissues and cell lines. (A) LINC01420 expression was higher in NPC samples (Tumor, n = 26) than that in non-cancerous tissues (Normal, n = 10). (B) LINC01420 expression was significantly increased in NPC cell lines (HNE1, HK1, HNE2, and 5-8F) compared with NP69, a normal human nasopharyngeal epithelium cell line.

 Figure 3 

The relationship between LINC01420 expression and clinicopathological features in NPC patients. (A) LINC01420 expression measured by in situ hybridization in paraffin embedded NPC biopsies. (B) LINC01420 expression was highly expressed in NPC cells (Tumor) compared to surrounded non-cancer NPE cells (Normal, p = 0.02). (C) High LINC01420 expression was associated with distant metastasis (p = 0.026). (D) More male NPC patients have high LINC01420 expression than female patients (p = 0.029).

To assess prognostic value of LINC01420 expression in NPC patients, we examined the association between LINC01420 expression and overall survival using Kaplan-Meier analysis with the log-rank test. The expression of LINC01420 was negatively correlated with NPC patients' overall survival (p = 0.015, Fig. 4), NPC patients with high LINC01420 expression displaying lower overall survival. Taken together, these data indicated that high LINC01420 expression could be an independent risk factor for NPC patients.

Knockdown of LINC01420 inhibited cell migration and invasion in NPC

We also explored the effect of LINC01420 knockdown on NPC cell migration/invasion. First, the expression of LINC01420 was examined and successfully decreased after knockdown by a mixture of three siRNAs in 5-8F cells (p < 0.001, Fig. 5A). Then, cell migration capacity was evaluated using a Transwell assay without Matrigel. The results showed that knockdown of LINC01420 inhibited 5-8F cells migration capacity compared to the control group (p = 0.045, Fig. 5B). Matrigel invasion assays also demonstrated that 5-8F cells transfected with LINC01420 siRNAs had lower invasive capability (p = 0.001, Fig. 5C).

 Figure 4 

Kaplan-Meier survival curves of patients with NPC based on LINC01420 expression. Patients with high LINC001420 expression had a significantly unfavorable prognosis than those in low expression group (p = 0.015).

 Figure 5 

LINC01420 Knockdown suppressed tumor cell migration and invasion in vitro. (A) siRNAs dramatically suppressed LINC01420 expression in 5-8F cells (p < 0.001). (B and C) 5-8F cells were grown and transfected with LINC01420 siRNAs, or scramble siRNA. Twenty-four hours after transfection, cells were subjected to a Transwell assay without or with Matrigel to measure migration or invasion capacity. LINC01420 knockdown significantly inhibited 5-8F cell migration (p = 0.045) and invasion (p = 0.01).

Discussion

Cancer is still the major cause of morbidity and mortality in most areas in the world [35]. The incidence of NPC is high in endemic regions, with a 5-year overall survival rate of approximately 70% [36]; thus, it is important to identify new molecular targets for the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of NPC.

LncRNAs participate in many biological processes and many studies have implicated that abnormal expression of lncRNAs is closely related to the occurrence and development of malignant tumors [37-40]. Several lncRNAs were shown to be associated with NPC and indicate poor prognosis, including LINC00312 [23], H19 [41], NEAT1 [42], HNF1A-AS1 [43], HOTAIR [44], AFAP1-AS1 [34] and lncRNA-LET [45]. LINC01420 is a new lncRNA which is firstly reported in this paper.

In this study, we reported a novel functional lncRNA LINC01420 which was significantly high expressed in NPC samples and correlated with a poor prognosis of NPC patients. LINC01420 was poly (A)-positive and locates on chr X (p11.21). As we all know, there is a famous lncRNA, Xist (X inactive specific transcript), locating in the X inactivation center and its product is transcribed from the inactive X chromosome [46]. It is typically expressed by all female somatic cells but lost in female breast, ovarian, and cervical cancer cell lines [47-49]. In mammals, X chromosome inactivation (XCI) is triggered by Xist to equalize gene expression between the sexes [50]. Studies demonstrated that Xist directly interacts with SHARP to silence transcription through HDAC3 [51] and the histone deacetylase inhibitor abexinostat induces cancer stem cells differentiation in breast cancer with low Xist expression [52]. While another research reported that Xist reduction in breast cancer upregulated AKT phosphorylation via HDAC3-mediated repression of PHLPP1 expression [53]. Xist also play important role in cervical cancer [54], non-small cell lung cancer [55] glioblastoma [56] and so on. In our study, we found that LINC01420 is significantly high expressed in male NPC patients. The role of LINC01420 as an lncRNA in gender is worth of our further study.

In summary, the findings presented in this study suggested that LINC01420 expression was commonly high expressed in NPC and significantly correlated with the distant metastasis in NPC patients. Furthermore, high expression of LINC01420 was an independent poor prognostic for NPC patients. We also found that the LINC01420 knockdown significantly suppressed the invasive abilities of tumor cells, indicating that further investigation of LINC01420 might lead to the development of novel tumor therapies.

Acknowledgements

This study was supported in part by grants from The National Natural Science Foundation of China (81372907, 81301757, 81472531, 81572787, 81672683 and 81672993), the 111 Project (111-2-12), the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province (14JJ1010, 2015JJ1022 and 2016JC2035), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Central South University (502210003).

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest in this work.

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Author contact

Corresponding authors: Zhaoyang Zeng, zengzhaoyangedu.cn; Can Guo, guocdeedu.cn.

Received 2016-7-12
Accepted 2016-9-19
Published 2017-1-1

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