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J Cancer 2017; 8(1):124-130. doi:10.7150/jca.17437 This issue Cite

Research Paper

Strong Correlation of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 Expression with Basal-Like Phenotype and Increased Lymphocytic Infiltration in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

Sewha Kim¹, Sanghui Park³, Min Sun Cho³, Woosung Lim², Byung-In Moon² , Sun Hee Sung³

1. Department of Pathology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, 59, Yatap-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13496, Korea.
2. Department of Surgery, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, 1071, Anyangcheon-ro, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul, 07985, Korea.
3. Department of Pathology, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, 1071, Anyangcheon-ro, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul, 07985, Korea.

✉ Corresponding authors: Byung-In Moon MD, PhD. Department of Surgery, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, 1071, Anyangcheon-ro, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul, 07985, Korea. Phone: +82-2-2650-5584 Fax: +82-2-2644-7984 Email: mbitac.kr. Sun Hee Sung MD, PhD, Department of Pathology, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, 1071, Anyangcheon-ro, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul, 07985, Korea. Phone: +82-2-2650-5734 Fax: +82-2-2650-2635 Email: sunhsungac.kr. More

Abstract

Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is an immunosuppressive enzyme involved in tumor immune escape. Blockade of the IDO1 pathway is an emerging modality of cancer immunotherapy. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) lacks established therapeutic targets and may be a good candidate for this novel immunotherapeutic agent. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinicopathologic characteristics of the IDO1-expressing TNBC subset. A tissue microarray was constructed from 200 patients with TNBC. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for IDO1 and TNBC molecular subtype-surrogate markers (AR, GCDFP-15, claudin-3, E-cadherin, CK5/6, and EGFR) was performed using this tissue microarray. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed to confirm the IDO1 mRNA expression level in 16 fresh-frozen TNBC samples. Two hundred TNBCs were classified into four subtypes based on surrogate IHC results: 22 luminal androgen receptor type (11.0%), 23 claudin-low type (11.4%), 103 basal-like type (51.5%), and 52 mixed type (26.0%). IDO1 positivity (defined as expression of >10% tumor cells) was observed in 37% of all TNBCs. IDO1 IHC expression was well correlated with mRNA expression. IDO1 positivity was significantly associated with smaller tumor size, dense stromal lymphocytic infiltration, and basal-like phenotype; however, it did not affect the patients' prognosis. IDO1 expression in basal-like TNBCs is considered an immune inhibitory signal that counterbalances active immunity and may reflect the high mutational load of these tumors. Our results suggest which patients with TNBC would be more efficaciously treated with IDO1 blockade.

Keywords: triple negative breast carcinoma, molecular subtype, basal-like phenotype, indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), immunohistochemistry, tumor infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL).

Introduction

Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is an intracellular enzyme that mediates the first and rate-limiting step of tryptophan catabolism along the kynurenin e pathway. It contributes to immune suppression by tryptophan depletion and accumulation of immunosuppressive catabolites such as kynurenine [1]. Regarding the biologic significance of IDO1, focus was initially placed on its antimicrobial effect in infectious disease [2, 3] and its ability to prevent allogeneic fetal rejection during pregnancy [4].

More recently, IDO1 has been studied in terms of tumor immunity, which is one of several immune checkpoint proteins involved in tumor immune escape. IDO1 pathway activation induces the blocking of differentiation, cell cycle arrest, and functional anergy of effector T cells and promotes the de novo differentiation of regulatory T cells and functional activation of mature regulatory T cells [5]. IDO1 expression by tumor cells themselves has been reported in a range of carcinomas [6-8]. Blockade of the IDO1 immune-inhibitory pathway is an important emerging anticancer modality in the era of cancer immunotherapy, and several IDO1 inhibitors are currently under clinical development [9].

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) lacks the estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) and accounts for 10% to 20% of all breast cancers. The clinical management of TNBC is challenging because of its aggressive biologic nature, and no therapeutic molecular targets have been established [10]. Hence, it is highly desirable to recognize patients who are more efficaciously treated with a novel immunotherapeutic agent such as a IDO1 inhibitor. As a heterogeneous disease, TNBC can be classified into the luminal androgen receptor (LAR) type, claudin-low (CL) type, and basal-like (BL) type based on its gene expression profile [11]. Whether the IDO1 expression differs among TNBC subtypes or correlates with the density of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) remains unclear. We evaluated the IDO1 expression in a large cohort of patients with TNBC and the clinicopathologic characteristics of the IDO1-expressing TNBC subset.

Materials and methods

Patient selection and collection of clinicopathologic data

This study included 200 patients who underwent surgical treatment and were diagnosed with TNBC at Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital from January 2001 to December 2012. Twelve patients who underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy before surgical treatment were excluded. TNBC was defined as breast cancer that was entirely negative by immunohistochemistry for ER, PR, and HER2 and by fluorescence in situ hybridization for HER2 amplification. Clinical data including patient age at initial diagnosis, local recurrence, systemic recurrence, and patient survival were retrieved from the medical charts. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital.

Hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides of all cases were reviewed by two pathologists (S. Kim and S.H. Sung). The histologic subtypes were classified based on the World Health Organization classification of breast tumors [12]. The histological grade was assessed using the Nottingham grading system [13]. Tumor staging was based on the 7th American Joint Committee on Cancer criteria [14]. The density of TILs was recorded as the stromal TIL%, which was defined as the area occupied by mononuclear inflammatory cells over the total intratumoral stromal area according to the recommendation by the International TILs Working Group in 2014 [15].

Construction of tissue microarray

A representative area on the hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides was selected for each case, and corresponding spots were marked on the surfaces of the paraffin blocks. A tissue microarray (TMA) was constructed using 3-mm tissue cores obtained from the blocks. A normal breast tissue core was included in each TMA block. Each tissue core was assigned a unique TMA number and was linked to a database containing the clinicopathologic data.

Immunohistochemistry and interpretation

The following antibodies were used for immunohistochemistry (IHC): androgen receptor (AR) (SP107, 1:100; Roche, Rotkreuz, Switzerland), gross cystic disease fluid protein 15 (GCDFP-15) (23 A3, 1:100; Novocastra, Newcastle, UK), claudin-3 (rabbit polyclonal, 1:100; Abcam, Cambridge, UK); E-cadherin (36B5, 1:100; Novocastra), cytokeratin 5/6 (CK5/6) (CK5/6.007, 1:100; Biocare, Concord, CA), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) (31G7, 1:100; Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA), and IDO1 (clone 10.1, 1:100; Millipore, Darmstadt, Germany). Briefly, 4-μm sections were transferred to adhesive slides and dried at 62°C for 30 min. After incubation with primary antibodies, immunodetection was achieved by the addition of biotinylated anti-mouse immunoglobulin, followed by peroxidase-labeled streptavidin (a component of a streptavidin biotin kit) and 3,3′-diaminobenzidine as the chromogenic substrate. Slides were counterstained with Harris hematoxylin.

IHC was interpreted by reference to the intensity or proportion of tumor cell staining for nuclear antigens (AR and Ki-67), cytoplasmic antigens (GCDFP-15, CK5/6, and IDO1), and membranous antigens (EGFR, claudin-3, and E-cadherin). IHC results for AR, GCDFP-15, CK5/6, and EGFR were considered positive when >1% of tumor cells were stained [16-18]. Claudin-3 and E-cadherin IHC were scored as compared with positive control. The normal breast tissue cores in each TMA block served as a positive control, and the normal ductules and acini entrapped in tumor were internal positive control in some cases. The staining intensity was scored as intense (strong complete membranous staining comparable to normal epithelial cells), moderate (complete membranous staining, clearly visible with the 20× objective), weak (barely perceptible, faint membranous staining), and negative (no staining) [19]. Tumors exhibiting moderate or intense expression in ≥10% of tumor cells were considered positive [20]. IDO1 positivity was defined as when >10% of tumor cells expressed IDO1 [21]. The results of p53 IHC staining were classified as “mutation type” (completely negative or diffuse strong nuclear staining in >50% of tumor cells) or “wild type” (nuclear staining in ≤50% of tumor cells with heterogeneous intensity) [22]. Molecular subtypes were defined by the IHC results as follows: LAR: AR(+) and/or GCDFP-15(+), CL: claudin-3(-) and/or E-cadherin(-), BL: CK5/6(+) and/or EGFR(+), and mixed: tumors with features of two or three types.

Measurement of Ki-67 labeling index

Ki-67-stained slides were captured digitally in hot spots under 200× magnification. Ki-67 labeling indices were measured using digital image analysis software (Tissue Studio 64 Dual, version 3.5; Definiens, Munich, Germany).

Real-time polymerase chain reaction

The mRNA expression level of the IDO1 gene was analyzed in 16 fresh-frozen TNBC tissues (which entirely overlapped with the IHC-tested cases) by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Total RNA was extracted from fresh frozen tissues using Trizol Reagent (Invitrogen) and reverse-transcribed to cDNA using an iScript™cDNA Synthesis Kit (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA). RT-PCR quantification was performed using the TaqMan® Gene Expression Master Mix (Foster City, CA, USA) on a CFX96 Real-Time PCR Detection System (Bio-Rad). The thermal cycling profile was 30 minutes at 50°C, 20.5 minutes at 8°C, and 2 minutes at 95°C followed by 45 cycles of 15 seconds at 95°C and 30 seconds at 60°C. All RT-PCR reactions were run in triplicate. The transcript level of the IDO1 gene was normalized by glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene expression and calculated using the formula 2^-ΔCt.

Statistical analysis

Data were analyzed using SPSS software for Windows, version 20.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). Fisher's exact test or the χ² test was used to compare categorical variables. The Mann-Whitney test was used to compare continuous variables (stromal TIL% and Ki-67 labeling index). A p-value of <0.05 was considered to reflect statistical significance. Survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method with the log-rank test. Multivariate analysis was performed with Cox's regression.

Results

Patient characteristics

The baseline characteristics of the 200 patients with TNBC are summarized in Table 1. Based on the IHC results, 200 TNBCs were classified into LAR type (n = 22, 11.0%), CL type (n = 23, 11.5%), BL type (n = 103, 51.5%), and mixed type (n = 52, 26.0%). The mixed type comprised LAR+CL (n = 8, 4.0%), LAR+BL (n = 21, 10.5%), CL+BL (n = 18, 9.0%), and LAR+CL+BL (n = 5, 2.5%). IDO1 positivity was observed in 37% of all TNBCs. The follow-up duration ranged from 1 to 147 months. After a median follow-up duration of 32 months, tumor recurrence and death from TNBC occurred in 29 (14.5%) and 16 (8.0%) patients, respectively.

Comparison of clinicopathologic characteristics according to IDO1 protein expression

Clinicopathologic parameters were compared between IDO1(+) and IDO1(-) TNBCs (Table 2). IDO1(+) TNBCs were characterized by a smaller tumor size (p = 0.012) and exhibited significantly more dense stromal lymphocytic infiltration than did IDO1(-) TNBCs (p < 0.001) (Fig. 1A). Among the four TNBC subtypes, the BL type most frequently exhibited IDO1 positivity (p = 0.026).

Correlation between IDO1 protein and mRNA expression levels

To compare the IDO1 mRNA expression level according to the IDO1 protein expression, RT-PCR was performed with 16 fresh-frozen TNBC samples comprising 8 IDO1(+) and 8 IDO1(-) tumors. The mean expression level of IDO1 mRNA was significantly higher in IDO(+) than in IDO1(-) TNBCs (p = 0.021) (Fig. 1B).

Comparison of clinicopathologic characteristics between patients with and without basal-like phenotype

The BL phenotype was present in 147 (73.5%) patients (103 pure BL type and 44 mixed type). Because many of these patients had the BL phenotype as a component of the mixed subtype, the clinicopathologic differences according to the presence or absence of the BL phenotype were analyzed (Table 3). The BL phenotype was associated with a younger age at the initial diagnosis (p = 0.004), worse histologic grade (p = 0.004), higher stromal TIL density (p = 0.004), higher Ki-67 labeling index (p < 0.001), and a mutant type p53 staining pattern (p < 0.001) than was the lack of a BL phenotype. IDO1 positivity was more frequently observed in TNBCs with a BL phenotype than in those without (p = 0.005).

 Figure 1 

A. IDO1(+) tumor exhibits conspicuously dense stromal lymphocytic infiltration compared with IDO1(-) tumor (×200 magnification). Bar indicates 100 µm. B. Expression level of IDO1 mRNA is significantly upregulated in IDO1(+) tumors compared with that in IDO1(-) tumors (p = 0.021). The inner bar in the graph indicates the mean value.

Prognostic impact of clinicopathologic parameters

Univariate analysis revealed that an advanced tumor stage (pT2-3), nodal metastasis, and low stromal TIL density significantly predicted shorter disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) (Table 4). IDO1 positivity did not affect the DFS and OS. In the Cox proportional hazard model, nodal metastasis was significantly associated with shorter DFS [hazard ratio (HR): 2.661, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.283-5.519, p = 0.009] and OS (HR: 10.138, 95% CI: 2.886-35.616; p < 0.001). A low stromal TIL density was significantly associated with shorter DFS (HR: 2.661, 95% CI: 1.283-5.519, p = 0.004).

Discussion

The main findings from our results are that IDO1 positivity was unevenly distributed among TNBC subtypes and that IDO1(+) tumors had more active TIL responses than did IDO1(-) tumors. IDO1 positivity was observed in 37.0% of TNBCs and was significantly more prevalent in the BL type than in LAR and CL types. The tight correlation between IDO1 positivity, the BL phenotype, and increased TIL density can be explained in terms of tumor immunogenicity. TIL density is a crucial surrogate reflecting immune responsiveness to tumor peptide. TNBC is more densely infiltrated with lymphocytes than other subtypes [23], which may be partly explained by its high genetic instability and mutational load [24, 25]. Aberrant proteins, termed neoantigens, encoded by mutated genes are more likely recognized by T cells as foreign than are non-mutant proteins and may provoke a more brisk lymphocytic reaction [26]. In this study, we further classified TNBCs into more detailed subtypes (LAR, CL, BL, and mixed types) based on surrogate IHC markers. We found that 73.5% of TNBCs had the BL phenotype, which showed the well-known clinicopathologic characteristics of BL carcinoma, including younger age, high histologic grade, dense lymphocytic infiltration, high Ki-67 proliferation index, and an aberrant p53 staining pattern [27]. BL cancer is strongly associated with BRCA1 dysfunction. Most breast cancers arising in patients with the BRCA1 germline mutation are of the BL type [28]. Additionally, despite the lack of BRCA1 mutation, sporadic BL carcinomas show BRCA1 pathway dysfunction and are phenotypically similar to BRCA1-mutated tumors [29]. Because BRCA1 is involved in DNA mismatch repair through interaction with the mismatch repair proteins MLH1, MSH2, and MSH6 [30], BL-type TNBCs can be considered more mismatch repair-deficient tumors than other types. Dense lymphocytic infiltration in mismatch repair-deficient tumors is a well-known phenomenon shown by colon cancer studies [31, 32]. Thus, the high TIL density of BL-type TNBCs may be partially explained by the mismatch repair deficiency of these tumors.

Burstein et al. [33] proposed four novel TNBC subtypes: the luminal androgen receptor, mesenchymal, BL immunosuppressed, and BL immune-activated types. IDO1 is one of the most highly expressed genes in the BL immune-activated type. In accordance with this result, we found that IDO1 is preferentially expressed in TNBCs with the BL phenotype and a high TIL density. Given that IDO1 is an immunosuppressive enzyme, the positive correlation between IDO1 and active immune reaction seems somewhat paradoxical. However, a recent study showed that microsatellite-instable colon cancers, characterized by defects in mismatch repair and rapid lymphocytic infiltration, showed overexpression of five immune checkpoint proteins: IDO1, CTLA-4, PD-1, PD-L1, and LAG3. This result indicates that the active immune microenvironment is extinguished by immune inhibitory signals as a mechanism to resist tumor elimination [34]. Additionally, a mechanistic study using melanoma proved that IDO1 expression was upregulated by the infiltration of CD8+ T cells [35]. Therefore, IDO1 expression in BL cancer cells can be considered to represent immune-intrinsic negative feedback following the recruitment of activated T cells to the tumor site, rather than being a property of the cancer cells themselves.

A high mutational burden is a proven important predictor of the response to immune checkpoint blockade, including anti-PD-1 [36, 37] and anti-CTLA-4 [38]. The dense immune reaction in BL carcinoma probably reflects the high number of mutation-associated neoantigens. Although the relationship between the mutational burden and responsiveness to IDO1 inhibitor remains unknown, previous results and our findings suggest that TNBC with the BL phenotype is probably the subset in which the IDO1 inhibitor is selectively effective.

In this study, IDO1 positivity was defined as >10% of tumor cells expressing IDO1, and we found that IDO1 mRNA was significantly differentially expressed between IDO1(+) and IDO1(-) TNBCs. This is in agreement with the results of Jacquemier et al. [21], who found that IDO protein and mRNA expression were strongly correlated when using the 10% cut-off value. Although whether IDO1 expression is a biomarker predicting the response to IDO1 inhibitor remains unclear, IDO1 IHC is a reliable method for evaluating IDO1 expression in breast cancer, and 10% is considered a reasonable cut-off value in IHC interpretation.

Our results are similar to those of Jacquemier et al. [21], who reported a strong correlation of IDO1 overexpression with dense lymphocytic infiltration (medullary feature) and the BL subtype. They also found a correlation between IDO1 overexpression and favorable outcomes in the patients with BL breast cancer. In the present study, however, IDO1 expression did not have a prognostic influence on patients with TNBCs of all types, nor when analysis was confined to BL-type TNBC (data not shown).

In conclusion, IDO1 expression was closely associated with TNBC with the BL phenotype and enhanced stromal lymphocytic infiltration, which may reflect the high mutational burden of BL TNBC. Our results suggest which patients with TNBC would be more efficaciously treated with IDO1 immune checkpoint blockade.

Acknowledgements

This study was supported by a grant of the Korean Health Technology R&D Project, Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea. (HI12C0050).

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

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Author contact

Corresponding authors: Byung-In Moon MD, PhD. Department of Surgery, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, 1071, Anyangcheon-ro, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul, 07985, Korea. Phone: +82-2-2650-5584 Fax: +82-2-2644-7984 Email: mbitac.kr. Sun Hee Sung MD, PhD, Department of Pathology, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, 1071, Anyangcheon-ro, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul, 07985, Korea. Phone: +82-2-2650-5734 Fax: +82-2-2650-2635 Email: sunhsungac.kr.

Received 2016-9-2
Accepted 2016-10-30
Published 2017-1-1

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