ISSN: 1837-9664Journal of Cancer
Global reach, higher impact
J Cancer 2017; 8(19):4083-4086. doi:10.7150/jca.22025 This issue Cite
Short Research Communication
A Single Nucleotide Polymorphism in HPGD Gene Is Associated with Prostate Cancer Risk
Xiaofei Qi*, Yu Wang*, Jianquan Hou 
, Yuhua Huang
Department of Urology, the First Affiliate Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
* These authors contributed equally to this study.
Abstract
Introduction: The HPGD gene was associated with some cancers, such as colorectal, breast, prostate, and bladder. However, detailed role of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (HPGD) gene remain unclear in prostate cancer. The study was to investigate the correlation between rs8752 that located in the 3'untranslated region (UTR) of the 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (HPGD) gene and prostate cancer (PCa) risk.
Materials and Methods: 109 patients from the First Affiliate Hospital of Soochow University were recruited. According to the results of pathologic diagnosis, all patients were divided into two groups (prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia). The single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs8752 was genotyped in all samples by direct sequencing.
Results: 54 prostate cancer and 55 BPH patients were included with a median age of 70.41 and 67.62 years, respectively. No statistically significant difference between two groups in patient criteria. The frequency of the GG homozygote and AG+GG genotype were 37.74% and 62.26% in 54 prostate cancer samples, while in 55BPH patients, values were 62.50% and 37.50%. Compared with the GG genotype, the combined GA+AA genotypes had a significantly higher risk of prostate cancer (OR = 2.750; 95% CI: 1.266-5.971, p = 0.011). Furthermore, the risk effect was obtained in subgroups of PCa patient group, the AA+AG genotypes significantly associated with the higher Gleason score samples (AA+AG vs GG: OR = 3.50, 95%CI = 1.106-11.072, p = 0.033) and the risk of pathological stage (AA+AG vs GG: OR = 4.00, 95%CI = 1.253-12.767, p = 0.019).
Conclusions: rs8752 in the 3'untranslated region (UTR) of the 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (HPGD) gene was found to be responsible for the susceptibility to prostate cancer in Chinese individuals.
Keywords: prostate cancer, HPGD gene, single-nucleotide polymorphism, genetic susceptibility, testosterone.
Introduction
Prostate cancer (PCa) was the second most frequently diagnosed malignant tumor. It was a major cause of morbidity and mortality among men worldwide [1] and had become the leading cause of tumor-associated health hazards in men in the United States [2]. As a complex polygenetic disease, prostate cancer was thought as the comprehensive result of age, environmental influences and genetics [3, 4]. Methods for the accurate prediction of PCa are as critical as those for its treatment. The prognoses of patients with PCa are predicted using tumor stage, Gleason grade, and PSA level [5]. However, the clinical applications of these predictive indicators are limited. As in other cancers, an increasing number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been found to be associated with PCa [3]. Thus, the use of molecular markers as predictive indicators of the pre- and post-treatment prognoses of patients with PCa has received a considerable amount of interest.
In this study, we examined the correlation between rs8752, a SNP in the HPGD gene, and PCa risk. The HPGD gene was located at chromosome 4q34-35 and encoded 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (HPGD), a short-chain non-metalloenzyme that belongs to the family of alcohol dehydrogenases. The HPGD enzyme (15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase) was responsible for the metabolism of prostaglandins, which participate in a variety of physiologic and pathologic metabolic processes, such as inflammation, angiogenesis and pathologic responses [6-8]. It was widely distributed in various human normal tissues such as breast, prostate, gut and bladder. Recent studies had identified that the HPGD gene was associated with colorectal cancers, breast cancers, prostate cancers, and bladder cancers [9-13]. rs8752 was located in the 3′untranslated region (UTR) of HPGD at 4q34-35 and was a miR-485-5p binding site [10]. We aimed to validate the existence of the rs8752 polymorphism in prostate tissue collected from patients with PCa. In addition, we investigated the function and clinical utility of the identified rs8752 as an indicator for the prediction and assessment of PCa risk.
Material and Methods
Study subjects
A total of 109 consecutive patients were included in this study. All patients had previously undergone prostate biopsy for detection of PCa at the First Affiliate Hospital of Soochow University over the period of 2014-2016. All patients were of the Chinese Han descent. The typical indications for prostate biopsy at our hospital were: (i) total PSA level>10.0 ng/ml; (ii) total PSA level of 4-10 ng/ml, and %fPSA ratio <0.16; (iii) abnormal digital rectal examination (DRE) for prostate nodule or significant prostate asymmetry; or (iv) presence of prostate nodules detected by magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) or ultrasound. Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided biopsy was performed using a 12-core scheme. All patients were divided into two groups on the basis of the results of pathologic diagnosis. Samples of peripheral venous blood were obtained from the patients after receiving consent from the patients or their family members. This study was approved by the ethic committees at local hospitals.
DNA extraction and genotyping
Genomic DNA was isolated from peripheral blood using the Wizard Genomic DNA Purification Kit (Promega, Madison, WI, USA) following the manufacturers' protocol. Primers for rs8752 was synthesized by primer-design software (Primer Premier 5.0) using sequences obtained from the Ensembl online database and had the following sequences: forward primer: 5'-GGCAGTCAAGGAATAAACTACAG-3'; reverse primer: 5'-TAAAGTGAGCAGAGGAAAGAAAT-3'. The PCR conditions used were as follows: 95°C for 5 min for initial denaturation, 35 cycles at 95°C for 30 s, 58°C for 30 s, and 72°C for 30 s, followed by 72°C for 5 min for extension. The amplified rs8752 gene of were subjected to direct DNA sequencing (GENEWIZ, Suzhou, China).
Statistical analysis
Statistical analyses were conducted using the Statistical Package of the Social Sciences software version 19.0 (SPSS, Inc.). A two-sided p<0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was analyzed using a goodness-of-fit χ2 test. The baseline characteristics, SNP genotypes, and allele frequency distributions of the PCa group and BPH group were compared. Continuous variables were analyzed using the t-test, and categorical data were analyzed using the χ2 test. Furthermore, odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) from a non-conditional logistic regression model, which had been adjusted for Gleason score and pathological stage, were also used to estimate the association between rs8752 genotypes and susceptibility to PCa.
Results
HPGD gene rs8752 genotypes and clinic characteristics
The characteristics of the 109 Chinese (53 patients and 56 controls) who underwent prostate needle biopsy were included in the final analysis. Their basic characteristics were shown in Table 1. Age was matched between cases and controls (p=0.51). The preoperative PSA level (p<0.001) and testosterone level (p=0.002) of the cases were significantly different from those of the controls. Body mass index (BMI, p = 0.598), however, was not significantly different between groups.
Basic characteristics of study objects. (N = 109).
| Variable | Prostate biopsy patients (N=109) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCa group(N=54) | BPH group (N=55) | ||
| Mean age (yeas) | 70.41±6.30 | 67.62 ±8.32 | *0.051 |
| (mean ± SD) | |||
| Preoperative PSA (ng/mL) | 31.41 ±40.50 | 9.95 ±9.20 | *<0.001 |
| (mean ± SD) | |||
| Testosterone level | 5.79 ± 3.39 | 7.60 ± 2.56 | *0.002 |
| (mean ± SD) | |||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | **0.598 | ||
| ≤23 | 18 | 34 | |
| >23 | 36 | 21 | |
*t-test; **two-sided χ2test
Genotyping and association analysis
All study subjects were successfully genotyped by direct sequencing. The genotypic distributions in patients fit the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (goodness-of-fit χ2=0.0075, p=0.931), indicating that the study population could be further analyzed. As shown in Table 2, the frequency of the GG homozygote and AG+GG genotype in the patient group were 37.74% and 62.26%, respectively, and were 62.50% and 37.50% in the control group. After adjusting for age through logistic regression analysis, we found significant differences in susceptibility to PCa by genotype (AG+AA vs GG: p=0.011, OR=2.750, 95%CI =1.266-5.971).
Subjecting the data of the PCa group to stratification analysis on the basis of Gleason score, pathological stage and testosterone levels revealed that the AA+AG genotype was associated with a significantly increased Gleason score (AA+AG vs GG: OR=3.50, 95%CI= 1.106-11.072, p=0.033) and the risk of advanced pathological stage (AA+AG vs GG: OR = 4.00, 95%CI = 1.253-12.767, p = 0.019). Thus, the A allele may be a risk factor for PCa (Table 3). No significant difference was observed in the testosterone level of PCa group.
Genotype distribution in PCa patient and BPH patient.
| Genotypes | Prostate biopsy patients (N=109) | Odds ratio (95%CI) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCa group(N=54) | BPH group (N=55) | |||
| HPGD gene (rs8752) | ||||
| AA+AG (N = 53) | 33 (62.26%) | 20 (37.74%) | 1 (reference) | |
| GG (N = 56) | 21 (37.50%) | 35 (62.50%) | 2.750 (1.266-5.971) | 0.011 |
Genotype distribution in prostate cancer patient.
| Genotypes | HPGD gene (rs8752) | Odds ratio (95%CI) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AA+AG (N = 33) | GG (N = 21) | |||
| Prostate cancer patient | ||||
| Gleason score | 3.50 (1.106-11.072) | 0.033 | ||
| high-grade (4+3 and ≥8) | 21 | 7 | ||
| low-grade (3+4 and ≤6) | 12 | 14 | ||
| Pathological stage | 4.00 (1.253-12.767) | 0.019 | ||
| pT1-2 | 11 | 14 | ||
| ≥ pT3 | 22 | 7 | ||
| Testosterone level (mean ± SD) | 6.19 ± 3.37 | 5.16 ± 3.41 | 0.283 | |
Discussion
PCa was a complex, heterogeneous polygenic disease that is affected by numerous external environmental and genetic factors [4]. As a family of small noncoding RNAs, MicroRNAs were often reported to be up- or down-regulated in prostate cancer and played an important role in tumorigenesis, although their specific effects on cancer remain unclear [13-15]. However, microRNA-related SNPs affected base paring between miRNAs and their targets, hence altering miRNA-target interactions; this effect may have functional consequences for cancer risk [13-15]. By utilizing the high-resolution melting method, Liu et al. [14] found that the presence of microRNA-related SNPs (rs11902171) in ITGAv were associated with a decreased risk of prostate cancer (OR 0.57, 95% CI 0.35-0.93) in 347 Chinese Han patients with PCa and 367 age-matched healthy controls. Furthermore, the association between 2,169 microRNA-related SNPs and PCa risk had been investigated in a large-scale analysis of 22,301 cases and 22,320 controls of European ancestry. Twenty-two microRNA-related SNPs within the 3′UTR of the 16 genes had been found to be associated with PCa risk, and two microRNA-related SNPs, rs1010 in VAMP8 and rs311497 in GMEB2, had been found to be associated with aggressive PCa [16].
HPGD was a potential tumor suppressor in breast cancer and modulates estrogen receptor signaling; the decreased expression of HPGD had been reported in lung, breast, colorectal, and prostate cancers [17]. Moreover, the expression of HPGD was associated with various malignant tumor. For example, Vainio et al. reported that HPGD gene was highly expressed in a subset of androgen receptor-over expressing advanced and metastatic prostate tumors that over-express androgen receptors. This result indicated that HPGD and this subset of typically incurable PCa were potentially related. In addition, the expression of HPGD protein in LNCaP cells increased in response to androgen stimulation [18].
The HPGD enzyme was involved in the metabolism of prostaglandin E2, regulated prostaglandin level by converting them to their corresponding 15-ketos, and was responsible for the biological inactivation of PGs [19]. Moreover, HPGD was involved in the stages of carcinogenesis, such as proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis [18, 19]. In the present study, we found that the presence of the A allele in rs8752 polymorphism of the HPGD gene was indicative of a higher risk of PCa (p = 0.011, OR = 2.750, 95%CI = 1.266-5.971). Furthermore, the AA+AG genotype was significantly associated with increased Gleason score (AA+AG vs GG: OR=3.50, 95%CI= 1.106-11.072, p=0.033) and advanced pathological stage (AA+AG vs GG: OR = 4.00, 95%CI = 1.253-12.767, p = 0.019) in patients with PCa. The SNP rs8752 (G/A) was located at the miR-485-5p binding site and likely disrupt the interaction between miR-485-5p and HPGD. This effect could upregulate the expression of HPGD protein and may be the possible mechanism that underlies the association of rs8752 with PCa risk.
This study is the first to investigate the association of polymorphisms in the HPGD gene with PCa. However, it is limited by time and geographical factors: First, all subjects were recruited from a single institution and the sample size was relatively small. Only preliminary conclusions could be drawn given that selection bias may exist and the representativeness of the study sample is relatively weak. Second, functional studies, which are critical to confirm the present findings, were not performed in the present work. Third, only subjects of Chinese Han descent were included in this study. Additional studies that include different populations should be conducted because allele sequences may vary in different ethnic groups.
In conclusion, the present findings suggested that the rs8752 in HPGD gene was significantly associated with an increased risk of PCa. Furthermore, the AA+AG genotype was associated with a high Gleason score and the risk of advanced pathological stage in patients with PCa. Thus the A allele may be association with the prognosis of patients with PCa. Further large-scale investigations are warranted to confirm the results of the present study and to define the potential mechanisms of rs8752 in PCa.
Acknowledgements
Research supported partially by grants from the National Science Foundation of China (#81302382), the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD), the High-level Talents in Six Industries of Jiangsu Province (#WSN-066), and the Pre-Research Project of the National Science Foundation of Soochow University (#SDY2011B27).
Competing Interests
The authors have declared that no competing interest exists.
References
1. Siegel R, Naishadham D, Jemal A. Cancer Statistics, 2013. CA Cancer J Clin. 2013;63:11-30
2. Center MM, Jemal A, Lortet-Tieulent J. et al. International Variation in Prostate Cancer Incidence and Mortality Rates. Eur Urol. 2012;61:1079-92
3. Choudhury AD, Eeles R, Freedland SJ. et al. The Role of Genetic Markers in the Management of Prostate Cancer. Eur Urol. 2012;62:577-87
4. Brazel AJ, Vernimmen D. The Complexity of Epigenetic Diseases. J Pathol. 2015;238:333-44
5. D'Amico AV, Whittington R, Malkowicz SB. et al. Biochemical Outcome after Radical Prostatectomy, External Beam Radiation Therapy, or Interstitial Radiation Therapy for Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer. JAMA. 1998;280:969-74
6. Duveau DY, Yasgar A, Wang Y. et al. Structure-Activity Relationship Studies and Biological Characterization of Human NAD(+)-Dependent 15-Hydroxyprostaglandin Dehydrogenase Inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2014;24:630-35
7. Fernández-Martínez AB, Lucio-Cazaña J. Intracellular Ep2 Prostanoid Receptor Promotes Cancer-Related Phenotypes in PC3 Cells. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2015;72:3355-73
8. Jain S, Chakraborty G, Kale RS. et al. Prostaglandin E2 Regulates Tumor Angiogenesis in Prostate Cancer. Cancer Res. 2008;68:7750-9
9. Frank B, Hoeft B, Hoffmeister M. et al. Association of Hydroxyprostaglandin Dehydrogenase 15-(Nad) (Hpgd) Variants and Colorectal Cancer Risk. Carcinogenesis. 2011;32:190-6
10. He N, Zheng H, Li P. et al. miR-485-5p binding site SNP rs8752 in HPGD gene is associated with breast cancer risk. PLoS One. 2014;9:e102093
11. Ishak MB, Giri VN. A Systematic Review of Replication Studies of Prostate Cancer Susceptibility Genetic Variants in High-Risk Men Originally Identified from Genome-Wide Association Studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2011;20:1599-610
12. Lehtinen L, Vainio P, Wikman H. et al. 15-Hydroxyprostaglandin Dehydrogenase Associates with Poor Prognosis in Breast Cancer, Induces Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition, and Promotes Cell Migration in Cultured Breast Cancer Cells. J Pathol. 2012;226:674-86
13. Liang D, Meyer L, Chang DW. et al. Genetic variants in MicroRNA biosynthesis pathways and binding sites modify ovarian cancer risk, survival, and treatment response. Cancer Res. 2010;70:9765-76
14. Liu J, Huang J, He Y. et al. Genetic variants in the integrin gene predicted microRNA-binding sites were associated with the risk of prostate cancer. Mol Carcinog. 2014;53:280-5
15. Pelletier C, Weidhaas JB. MicroRNA binding site polymorphisms as biomarkers of cancer risk. Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2010;10:817-29
16. Stegeman S, Amankwah E, Klein K. et al. A Large-Scale Analysis of Genetic Variants within Putative miRNA Binding Sites in Prostate Cancer. Cancer Discov. 2015;5:368-79
17. Wu R, Liu T, Yang P. et al. Association of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenate and poor prognosis of obese breast cancer patients. Oncotarget. 2017;8:22842-53
18. Vainio P, Gupta S, Ketola K. et al. Arachidonic acid pathway members PLA2G7, HPGD, EPHX2, and CYP4F8 identified as putative novel therapeutic targets in prostate cancer. Am J Pathol. 2011;178:525-36
19. Tseng-Rogenski S, Gee J, Ignatoski KW. et al. Loss of 15-Hydroxyprostaglandin Dehydrogenase Expression Contributes to Bladder Cancer Progression. Am J Pathol. 2010;176:1462-8
Author contact
Corresponding author: JQ Hou (xf192com) & YH Huang (sdfyyhyhcom)
Received 2017-7-21
Accepted 2017-8-26
Published 2017-10-24
Citation styles
