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J Cancer 2018; 9(1):54-63. doi:10.7150/jca.22190 This issue Cite

Research Paper

Pre-treatment Serum Lactate Dehydrogenase is Predictive of Survival in Patients with Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Undergoing Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy

Ronald Wihal Oei^1,2*, Lulu Ye^1,2*, Fangfang Kong^1,2, Chengrun Du^1,2, Ruiping Zhai^1,2, Tingting Xu^1,2, Chunying Shen^1,2, Xiaoshen Wang^1,2, Xiayun He^1,2, Lin Kong^1,2, Chaosu Hu^1,2, Hongmei Ying^1,2

1. Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, P.R China;
2. Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, P.R China.
*Ronald Wihal Oei and Lu-Lu Ye made equal contribution to this work.

✉ Corresponding author: Professor Hongmei Ying; Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dongan Road, Shanghai, 200032, P.R China; Telephone: +86-21-64175590; Fax: +86-21-6417477; E-mail: yinghongmei2013com

Abstract

Objective: To analyze the prognostic value of pre-treatment serum lactate dehydrogenase (SLDH) level in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) receiving intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) with or without chemotherapy.

Methods: From January 2010 to March 2013, 427 eligible patients were reviewed. Pre-treatment SLDH level was measured within 2 weeks prior to treatment. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to select the optimal cutoff point. The impact of pre-treatment SLDH on overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS) and distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards model. Further propensity score matching was carried out to adjust bias.

Results: The optimal cutoff point of 168.5 IU/L was selected based on ROC curve analysis. Multivariate analysis showed that high pre-treatment SLDH level was an independent prognostic factor for OS (P=0.001), PFS (P=0.004) and DMFS (P=0.001). After propensity score matching was performed, it remained to be significantly associated with poor OS (P=0.009), PFS (P=0.015) and DMFS (P=0.008) in the adjusted model.

Conclusion: High pre-treatment SLDH level predicts poor survival in patients with NPC treated with IMRT-based therapy. As a routinely performed biomarker, pre-treatment SLDH can be utilized in combination with current Tumor-Node-Metastasis staging to predict survival and to plan a personalized treatment in these patients.

Keywords: Lactate dehydrogenase, Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Intensity-modulated radiotherapy, Survival.

Introduction

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a malignancy with extremely unbalanced racial and geographic distribution. Although being rare globally, the incidence rates are notably high in South-Eastern Asia and South-Eastern China¹. In Mainland China, the incidences of NPC are remarkably high in five provinces, including: Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, Hunan and Fujian². Compared to other head and neck cancers (HNC), radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy is the primary treatment modality of NPC. In the era of conventional external beam radiotherapy, locoregional recurrence and distant metastasis contributed equally to the treatment failures of NPC^3,4. However, the widespread application of intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) over the past decades has improved the locoregional control of NPC significantly, but no similar effect found for distant metastasis^5,6. Consequently, distant metastasis is the main cause of treatment failures among NPC patients nowadays^7,8. Therefore, it is crucial to have an ability to identify NPC patients with high risk of distant metastasis and subsequent poor prognosis before treatment in order to provide early intervention and better treatment decision.

Tumor-Node-Metastasis (TNM) staging system are currently the most broadly used parameters in treatment decision and prediction of treatment outcomes for NPC patients. However, current TNM staging system does not take biological diversity of the tumor into consideration⁹. Recently, more and more biological markers were identified as prognostic factors for NPC, including: plasma Epstein-Barr virus deoxyribonucleic acid (EBV-DNA) concentration^10,11, Beclin 1¹² and serum lactate dehydrogenase (SLDH) level^13-15. Among these, SLDH level has some advantages in accessibility and cost-efficacy. Although being frequently investigated, most of the studies on SLDH level and its prognostic value in NPC patients derived from high-incidence areas, including Guangdong^14,16, Guangxi¹³ and Fujian¹⁵ provinces. Therefore, new research from middle- and low-incidence areas are urgently needed to reduce selection and reporting bias and subsequently increase the reliability of SLDH level as a prognostic indicator in NPC.

Therefore, a total of 427 non-metastatic NPC patients treated with IMRT-based therapy were included in this retrospective study. The objective of our study was to evaluate the prognostic significance of pre-treatment SLDH in NPC patients receiving IMRT in Eastern China. Furthermore, propensity score matching was carried out in order to minimize the effect of confounders.

Materials and Methods

Study population

This retrospective study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center. The study was run in accordance with institutional policy and the principles of Declaration of Helsinki and its amendments.

A total of 427 newly diagnosed NPC patients treated with IMRT-based therapy at Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center between January 2010 and March 2013 were included in this retrospective analysis. The inclusion criteria were: (1) 16 years old and above; (2) Histologically confirmed non-keratinizing and/or undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (World Health Organization type II/III); (3) Karnofsky performance status scale ≥80; (4) No evidence of distant metastasis and concomitant malignancies at diagnosis; (5) Adequate cardiac (New York Heart Association Functional Capacity ≤II), liver (total bilirubin and alanine aminotransferase level ≤1.5x the upper reference limit) and renal (creatinine level ≤1.5x the upper reference limit) function; (6) Completion of prescribed treatment; (7) Complete baseline data of biochemistry blood test, including serum lactate dehydrogenase level. TNM stage of the patients were classified according to the seventh edition of American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system.

Pre-treatment workup

All patients underwent full pre-treatment workup, including clinical history, physical examination, contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scan of nasopharynx and neck, plain chest CT, abdominal sonography, a whole body bone scan by single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), complete blood count and serum biochemistry test.

Peripheral fasting blood sample was taken through venipuncture from each patient to assess the pre-treatment serum lactate dehydrogenase level. It was obtained within 2 weeks before any kind of treatment started. Serum lactate dehydrogenase level was measured using chemistry analyzer cobas 8000 (Roche, Rotkreuz, Switzerland).

Treatment protocol

All patients were treated with IMRT. The prescribed dose was 66-70.4 Gy to the planning target volume (PTV) of the gross tumor volume of nasopharynx (GTVnx), 66-70 Gy to the PTV of the gross tumor volume of metastatic neck lymph nodes (GTVnd), 60 Gy to the PTV of the high-risk region defined as clinical target volume 1 (CTV1) and 54 Gy to the PTV of the low-risk region defined as clinical target volume 2 (CTV2). The planning target volumes were contoured by adding 5 millimeters and 3 millimeters to GTV and CTV respectively. The prescribed radiation dose was delivered in 30-35 fractions.

Based on the standardized treatment of our institution, radiotherapy alone was only recommended for patients with stage I, while combined chemoradiotherapy was suggested for patients with stage II and above. To be more specific, concurrent chemoradiotherapy was prescribed for patients with stage II and either concurrent chemoradiotherapy or neoadjuvant+adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with stage III and above.

The regimens prescribed for neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy were mostly: (1) TPF regimen: docetaxel 60 mg/m²/day on day 1 + cisplatin 25 mg/m²/day on day 1-3 + 5-fluorouracil 0.5g/m²/day on day 1-3, (2) TP regimen: docetaxel 60 mg/m²/day on day 1 + cisplatin 25 mg/m²/day on day 1-3, (3) GP regimen: gemcitabine 1g/m²/day on day 1,8 + cisplatin 25mg/m²/day on day 1-3. The first-line chemotherapy regimens were TPF and TP regimens. However, GP regimen was administered if patients had following clinical history: peptic ulcer, upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding, cardiac disease, diabetes and food/drug allergy. Moreover, chemotherapy was not prescribed to following patients: (1) 70 years old and above; (2) The existence of one or more certain comorbidities including, but not limited to, active tuberculosis and low blood counts. Concurrent chemotherapy was consisted of cisplatin 80 mg/m². Chemotherapy was administered every 3 weeks for 2 to 3 cycles.

Follow-up and clinical endpoints

Following completion of treatment, all patients were followed-up at 3-month intervals during the first 2 years and every 6 to 12 months thereafter. Physical examination, including indirect nasopharyngoscopy and palpation of the neck lump examination, was performed at every clinic visit. Apart from that, contrast-enhanced MRI of nasopharnyx, plain chest CT scan and abdominal sonography were done at 6-month interval. Further test would be taken if any sign of locoregional or distant failures were detected. Patients with confirmation of recurrence or metastasis were undergoing further treatment.

The primary endpoint of this study was overall survival (OS), while the secondary endpoints were progression-free survival (PFS) and distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS). OS was defined as the time interval between the initial treatment time and death from any cause. PFS was defined as the time from initial treatment to the date of disease progression or death from any cause. DMFS was defined as the elapsed time between the date of initial treatment and the first appearance of distant metastasis.

Statistical analysis

The Statistical Packages for Social Sciences version 22.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY) were used in data analysis. In current study, receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve was performed to calculate the most appropriate cutoff point for SLDH level. χ² test (or Fischer's exact test, if indicated) was used to test the baseline balance between low SLDH and high SLDH groups. Actuarial survival rates for OS, PFS and DMFS were obtained using Kaplan-Meier method. In addition, differences in survival between groups were calculated using log-rank test. Univariate and multivariate analysis were performed using Cox proportional hazards model (multivariate analysis consisted of variables with P value <0.05 in univariate analysis). Proportional hazard assumption was assessed using log-minus-log plots. Any result with two-sided P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

In addition, propensity score matching was performed using R version 3.4.0 (The R Foundation of Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria) to adjust for bias and confounding. Variables used to calculate the propensity score index were: age, sex, tumor classification, nodal classification, TNM staging and radiation dose. This was performed using nearest neighbor 1:1 matching in MatchIt package.

Results

Patient characteristics

Baseline characteristics of 427 NPC patients reviewed are provided in table 1. The median age was 48 years which ranged from 17 to 82 years old. There were 307 males (71.9%) and 120 females (28.1%) with a sex ratio of 2.6:1. According to the seventh edition of AJCC staging manual, there were 9 (2.1%), 80 (18.7%), 208 (48.7%) and 130 (30.4%) patients with stage I, II, III and IV respectively. Among these patients, 368 patients (86.2%) received combined chemoradiotherapy. Furthermore, the demographic profiles of these patients are presented in table 2. As can be seen in the table, around three-quarters of the patients came from Zhejiang province, Jiangsu province and Shanghai municipality. Moreover, if Anhui province and Jiangxi province are added, these five provinces made up more than 90% of the entire population, which means most of the patients originated in Shanghai and surrounding areas.

On the whole, the median follow-up time was 67.5 months which ranged from 4.8 to 85.5 months. During this time period, 57 patients (13.3%) experienced locoregional recurrence, 64 patients (15.0%) developed distant metastasis and 64 patients (15.0%) were dead. The 5-year OS, PFS and DMFS were 85.8%, 76.0% and 84.8%, respectively.

Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis and the distribution of baseline characteristics in the study population

With OS as an endpoint, a cutoff value of 168.5 IU/L for pre-treatment SLDH was obtained through ROC curve analysis. There were 249 (58.3%) patients with pre-treatment SLDH below 168.5 IU/L and 178 (41.7%) patients above this point. The sensitivity and specificity of this cutoff value were 64.1% and 62.3% respectively. As shown in figure 1, the area under the curve was 0.643 with 95% confidence interval (CI) ranged from 0.568 to 0.717 and P value <0.001.

As depicted in table 1, there were significant differences in the distribution of sex, nodal classification and TNM stage observed in the study cohort. There was a higher proportion of female patients with high pre-treatment SLDH (≥168.5 IU/L). Besides, advanced nodal classification and TNM stage were more frequent in patients with high pre-treatment SLDH.

Univariate and multivariate analysis

In comparison with low pre-treatment SLDH group, patients with high pre-treatment SLDH had significantly lower OS (5-year OS: 78.5% versus 91.0%, P<0.001), PFS (5-year PFS: 68.4% versus 81.4%, P=0.001) and DMFS (5-year DMFS: 77.1% versus 90.3%, P<0.001) (Figure 2).

 Figure 1 

Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for pre-treatment serum lactate dehydrogenase level based on overall survival

 Figure 2 

Kaplan-Meier survival plots for OS (A), PFS (B) and DMFS (C) stratified by pre-treatment serum lactate dehydrogenase

In Cox univariate analysis, greater age (≥60 versus <60 years), advanced nodal classification (N2-N3 versus N0-N1) and high pre-treatment SLDH (≥168.5 IU/L versus <168.5 IU/L) had significant association with poor OS. The hazard ratio (HR) of these variables on decreased OS was 2.469 (95% CI: 1.481-4.116, P=0.001), 1.908 (95% CI: 1.130-3.220, P=0.016) and 2.704 (95% CI: 1.622-4.507, P<0.001), respectively (Table 3). In terms of PFS, the following variables were found to be significantly correlated with worse PFS: advanced tumor classification (HR: 1.675, 95% CI: 1.137-2.467, P=0.009), advanced nodal classification (HR: 1.718, 95% CI: 1.159-2.547, P=0.007), late TNM stage (HR: 1.940, 95% CI: 1.106-3.405, P=0.021) and high pre-treatment SLDH (HR: 1.867, 95% CI: 1.276-2.731, P=0.001) (Table 4). With regard to DMFS, advanced tumor classification (HR: 1.747, 95%CI: 1.053-2.898, P=0.031), advanced nodal classification (HR: 2.747, 95% CI: 1.559-4.840, P<0.001), late TNM stage (HR: 2.663, 95% CI: 1.149-6.174, P=0.022) and high pre-treatment SLDH (HR: 2.542, 95% CI: 1.532-4.218, P<0.001) were identified to be predictive of distant metastasis (Table 5).

All variables with P value less than 0.05 in univariate analysis were included in multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. Age (HR: 2.320, 95% CI: 1.390-3.874, P=0.001), nodal classification (HR: 1.751, 95% CI: 1.034-2.964, P=0.037) and pre-treatment SLDH (HR: 2.425, 95% CI: 1.449-4.060, P=0.001) were an independent prognostic factor for OS (Table 3). As regards PFS, advanced tumor classification (HR: 2.018, 95% CI: 1.246-3.269, P=0.004), advanced nodal classification (HR: 2.001, 95% CI: 1.213-3.300, P=0.007) and high pre-treatment SLDH (HR: 1.768, 95% CI: 1.205-2.594, P=0.004) remained to be independently associated with poor PFS (Table 4). Regarding DMFS, advanced tumor classification (HR: 2.216, 95%CI: 1.235-3.977, P=0.008), advanced nodal classification (HR: 3.309, 95% CI: 1.614-6.781, P=0.001) and high pre-treatment SLDH (HR: 2.315, 95% CI: 1.391-3.853, P=0.001) were independently correlated with worse DMFS (Table 5).

Propensity-matched analysis

Propensity score matching (PSM) was performed in order to adjust bias to a greater degree. PSM was carried out by matching several variables, including: age, sex, tumor classification, nodal classification, TNM stage and radiation dose between high and low pre-treatment SLDH level. The clinical characteristics of new patient cohort (n=356) is summarized in table 6. In addition, the distribution of propensity scores of both groups before and after PSM can be seen in figure 3. Clearly, there were considerable discrepancy in the distribution of propensity scores between both groups before PSM, but the distributions then became very closely aligned after PSM performed.

In subsequent unadjusted Cox regression analysis, pre-treatment SLDH was still significantly correlated with OS (HR: 2.065, 95% CI: 1.220-3.495, P=0.007), PFS (HR: 1.684, 95% CI: 1.118-2.535, P=0.013) and DMFS (HR: 2.148, 95% CI: 1.256-3.675, P=0.005). After adjustment for sex (male versus female), age (<60 years versus ≥60 years), tumor classification (T1‐T2 versus T3‐T4), nodal classification (N0‐N1 versus N2‐N3) and radiotherapy dose (continuous variable), high pre-treatment SLDH remained as independent prognosticator of poor OS (HR: 2.042, 95% CI: 1.203-3.464, P=0.008), PFS (HR: 1.663, 95% CI: 1.103-2.507, P=0.015) and DMFS (HR: 2.058, 95% CI: 1.200-3.528, P=0.009) (Table 7).

Discussion

In the era of IMRT, NPC has gained significantly better treatment outcomes in terms of local and regional control, but unfortunately no such benefit found in distant metastasis control^5,17. Moreover, some crucial problems still exist in current TNM staging system as the primary parameter used in treatment planning and survival prediction for NPC patients⁹. Therefore, identification of some biomarkers capable for prognosticating survival in these patients are urgently needed to optimize the current clinical management.

 Figure 3 

The distribution of propensity scores across serum lactate dehydrogenase (SLDH) level before (A) and after (B) propensity score matching.

A number of studies have identified the prognostic value of SLDH level in different types of cancer^18-20. In several cancers, SLDH level plays even more important role in predicting long-term survival. The International Prognostic Index (IPI) is a common clinical tool used to predict outcomes in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma²¹. It consists of 5 risk factors including elevated SLDH level. Moreover, SLDH level is also included in 2009 AJCC TNM staging system for melanoma²². SLDH level is one of secondary determinants of M staging.

The prognostic value of SLDH on survival in patients with NPC was first studied in 1993 by Chatani et al²³. The study showed that SLDH level, together with node involvement of the neck were important prognostic factors for predicting poor outcomes. In China, similar study was first conducted by Liaw et al²⁴. The study reported that SLDH level was higher in metastatic NPC compared to one with local or regional failures. It also found that in comparison to normal pre-treatment SLDH group, high pre-treatment SLDH group had inferior OS (median OS: 10 months versus 53 months, P=0.008). In the era of IMRT, several researches were conducted to determine the prognostic value of pre-treatment SLDH level on survival in NPC patients^13-15. Wei et al¹³ found that high pre-treatment SLDH (>171U/L in stage I-II and >225 U/L in stage III-IV) was an independent prognosticator of inferior overall survival and tumor-free survival. Zhou et al¹⁴ reported that both pre-treatment and post-treatment SLDH level (≤245 IU/L versus >245 IU/L) are independent prognostic factors of overall survival, disease-free survival and distant metastasis-free survival. Most recently, a study conducted at Fujian Provincial Cancer Hospital¹⁵ also confirmed the relation of elevated pre-treatment SLDH with poor overall survival, disease-specific survival and distant metastasis-free survival, but no significant correlation found with PFS and locoregional-free survival (LRFS). Although has been studied extensively, most of studies with large patient database came from high endemic areas. This may impend the generalizability of the study due to selection bias and thus, the need for similar studies with large patient samples conducted in areas with significant differences in incidence rates of NPC arises.

The underlying mechanism behind the prognostic value of SLDH has not been clearly understood. However, it has been hypothesized that SLDH level may reflect the extent of hypoxia in tumor cells. In addition, the oxygenation level of a tumor has been reported to be an important determinant of clinical outcomes in patients undergoing radiotherapy and chemotherapy²⁵. Due to its rapid proliferation, which leads to low oxygenation, neoplastic cells have its own unique characteristic in term of metabolic pathway. In producing energy, cancer cells mainly use anaerobic glycolysis which enables it to be independent of oxygen supply. This phenomenon is known as Warburg effect²⁶. In this situation, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is responsible for converting pyruvate to lactate. As the key kinase of this process, the elevated level of LDH ensures the efficiency of this process. Recently, Ding et al²⁷ proposed that the ability of SLDH level in cancer patients was not only because its role in cancer metabolism, but also through altering the tumor microenvironment which led to suppression and evasion of immune system. Therefore, the study suggested elevated SLDH level could also be a new marker of immune suppression in cancer patients.

LDH consists of 2 major subunits: LDH-M and LDH-H, which can produce 5 different isoenyzmes, including: LDH-1, LDH-2, LDH-3, LDH-4 and LDH-5. Among them, LDH-5 is the most closely related to malignancy^28-30. With only comprised of LDH-M, LDH-5 plays an important role in anaerobic glycolysis and its level is upregulated in response to low oxygenation microenvironment. Moreover, it has been reported to be associated with the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), which activation induced by tumor hypoxia³¹. HIF-1α also alters the expression of tumor suppressor genes expression and regulates tumor angiogenesis^31-33. Moreover, previous studies have also confirmed that high expression of HIF-1α contributed to chemoradioresistance in several cancers^34,35. All of this is beneficial for tumor progression. Taken together, SLDH level may reflect the expression of HIF-1α and subsequent molecular regulation which lead to poor prognosis in malignancy. However, SLDH cannot sufficiently indicate the intratumoral LDH activity. This is likely due to the bulk of the tumor and/or the difference in LDH clearance between individuals²⁸. Koukourakis et al²⁸ showed that immunochemistry allowed the assessment of LDH-5 activity in individual cancer cells. It is also reported that both immunochemistry method and SLDH showed positive trend in comparative analysis and the results were not overlapping.

In present study, we provide further confirmation of the prognostic value of pre-treatment SLDH in patients with NPC undergoing IMRT-based therapy. We found that high pre-treatment SLDH was an independent prognostic factor of poor survival in these patients, specifically in terms of OS, PFS and DMFS. In our additional data analysis, however, we did not observed a significant correlation between high pre-treatment SLDH and poor LRFS (5-year LRFS: 84.0% versus 90.0%, log-rank test: P=0.058, survival curve not shown). Our results are in line with similar studies conducted in Southern China^13-15. In fact, since our patients had different demographic characteristics compared to previous studies, our present study may improve the generalizability of the role of pre-treatment SLDH in predicting survival of NPC patients.

The strengths of our study included to be the first study conducted in Eastern China with large patient population. Secondly, the cutoff value of pre-treatment SLDH was determined through ROC curve analysis, resulting in appropriate balance between sensitivity and specificity. This approach is different in comparison with previous studies^13-16, which simply used the upper limit of normal SLDH level. We surmise that this approach was not appropriate since the normal range of SDLH level is determined on the basis of healthy individuals and therefore may need to be reevaluated in case of NPC patients. Lastly, we performed propensity score matching analysis, which is an effective approach to adjust bias. Austin³⁶ described that propensity score grants one to design and analyze observational study to mimic some important characteristics of a randomized controlled trial. To the best of our knowledge, this approach was never performed in this field before. Thus, we are confident with the results obtained.

However, this study also had several limitations. First, since it was a retrospective study and all patients were enrolled from single institution, further large prospective randomized clinical trial in multicenter setting should be conducted to confirm the prognostic impact of pre-treatment SLDH level in NPC patients undergoing IMRT. Moreover, the level LDH-5 was not analyzed specifically in this study, but a previous study conducted by Koukourakis²⁸ reported that the expression of LDH-5 had positive correlation with the total SLDH level.

Conclusion

In summary, pre-treatment SLDH level was found to be a useful prognosticator for survival in NPC patients treated with IMRT. As part of routinely performed test and due to its cost-effectiveness, pre-treatment SLDH level can be combined with conventional TNM staging system in determining treatment strategies and predicting prognosis of NPC patients. This way, we can achieve better personalized treatment for NPC patients receiving IMRT. However, our study cannot be considered conclusive and thus, further prospective randomized clinical trial is necessary.

Abbreviations

AJCC: American Joint Committee on Cancer; CI: confidence interval; CRT: combined chemoradiotherapy; CT: computed tomography; CTV: clinical target volume; DMFS: distant metastasis-free survival; GTVnd: gross tumor volume of metastatic neck lymph nodes; GTVnx: gross tumor volume of nasopharynx; Gy: Gray; HR: hazard ratio; HNC: head and neck cancer; IMRT: intensity-modulated radiotherapy; IPI: international prognostic index; KPS: Karnofsky performance score; L: liter; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; LRFS: locoregional-free survival; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; NPC: nasopharyngeal carcinoma; OS: overall survival; PFS: progression-free survival; PSM: propensity score matching; PTV: planning target volume; Ref: reference; ROC: receiver operating characteristics; SD: standard deviation; SLDH: serum lactate dehydrogenase; SPECT: single-photon emission computed tomography; TNM: tumor-node-metastasis; U: unit.

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interest exists.

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Author contact

Corresponding author: Professor Hongmei Ying; Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dongan Road, Shanghai, 200032, P.R China; Telephone: +86-21-64175590; Fax: +86-21-6417477; E-mail: yinghongmei2013com

Received 2017-8-1
Accepted 2017-10-24
Published 2018-1-1

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