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J Cancer 2018; 9(4):650-659. doi:10.7150/jca.21683 This issue Cite

Research Paper

High Expression of P38α and Preoperative Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9 Indicate Poor Prognosis in Patients with Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma

Jionghuang Chen^*, Ting Zhao^*, Shengnan Jia, Senhao Zhou, Liangjing Zhou, Shaowen Wang, Guoping Ding, Guixing Jiang, Liping Cao

Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, the affiliated hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
* These authors contribute to this paper equally.

✉ Corresponding author: Professor Liping Cao, Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, the affiliated hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 3, Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310000, China. E-mail: 11518310edu.cn

Abstract

Background: P38α is a ubiquitous protein kinase, which plays diverse roles in cancers. Surprisingly, P38α functions vary markedly in different cancers (e.g., cancer suppressor vs cancer promoter). However, there is no report on the expression of P38α, the family's most important member, in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and its association with clinicoathological parameters and patients' prognosis.

Materials and methods: We retrospectively analyzed 152 patients who underwent surgery and were pathologically diagnosed with PDAC from September 2013 to September 2015. We used immunohistochemistry to detect P38α expression in tumor and adjacent normal tissues. The significance of the association between P38α and clinicopathological parameters was evaluated using the χ² test and t tests. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to assess the association between P38α expression and preoperative carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) levels and patients' overall survival. The Cox regression model was used to analyze the association between clinicopathological parameters, P38α and preoperative CA19-9 levels, and prognosis. Statistical significance was defined as P < 0.05.

Results: P38α was expressed in 63.16% tumor tissues of PDAC, which was significantly higher compared with the adjacent normal tissues (26.32%, P < 0.001). High expression of P38α was associated with patients' histological grade (P = 0.013), lymphatic metastasis (P = 0.025) and TNM stage (P = 0.048). The median survival time of the P38α-high group was 9.2 months, which was shorter compared with that of the P38α-low group (17.3 months, P = 0.011). The median survival time of the CA19-9 > 43.63 group was 11.1 months shorter than that of the CA19-9 < 43.63 group (24.8 months, P < 0.001). The Cox regression model revealed that age (P = 0.003), lymphatic invasion (P = 0.015), TNM stage (P = 0.003), histological grade (P < 0.001), preoperative CA19-9 (P = 0.049), and P38α expression (P = 0.008) were statistically significant independent risk factors affecting prognosis. Specifically, overall survival was 28.4 months in the P38α-low and CA19-9 < 43.63 groups, 16.3 months in the P38α-high or CA19-9 > 43.63 groups, and 9.7 months in the P38α-high and CA19-9 > 43.63 groups (P < 0.001).

Conclusions: High expression of P38α was significantly associated with histological grade, lymphatic metastasis, TNM stage and prognosis in patients with PDAC. P38α and preoperative CA19-9 levels were independent risk factors affecting the prognosis of PDAC patients. High expression of p38α and preoperative carbohydrate antigen 19-9 indicate poor prognosis in patients with PDAC.

Keywords: P38α, carbohydrate antigen 19-9, prognostic biomarker, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

Introduction

Owing to its special anatomical location and phenotypes, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is highly malignant, and its dismal 5-year survival rate is only approximately 10% [1]. In 2015, there were 90,100 and 48,960 new cases of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma in China and the United States, respectively, and the ratios of new deaths to incidence for that year were 92% and 82.8%, ranking pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma as first and second among common malignancies, respectively [2, 3]. Therefore, knowledge of the mechanism of the pathogenesis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma has important clinical implications for improving patients' survival rate and quality of life.

P38α is a ubiquitous protein kinase that plays diverse roles in cancers. It is therefore surprising and puzzling that the role of P38α in different cancers markedly varies, even exerting opposing effects [4]. For example, P38 acts as a tumor suppressor in tumors such as gliomas, lung cancers, breast cancers, and liver cancers; however, in breast cancer, P38 promotes tumor metastasis and resistance to chemotherapy through mediating the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and inhibition of apoptosis [4].

The P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway plays a key role in the response of cells to stress and participates in the regulation of numerous cellular processes. The known members of the P38 family are P38α (MAPK14), p38β (MAPK11), p38γ (MAPK12), and p38δ (MAPK13). P38α and p38β are widely expressed, although p38γ and p38δ are expressed only in specific cell types [5]. At least 100 proteins can be directly phosphorylated by P38α, many of which are involved in the regulation of gene expression [6, 7]. Moreover, P38α can control the synthesis of extracellular signal transduction molecules at different levels, such as cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors [8].

The role of the P38 family in tumors has attracted increasing attention. For example, activation of P38 increases the invasiveness of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma [9, 10]. Most studies focus on the entire P38 family; however, there is no report on the expression of P38α (MAPK14), the family's most important member, in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and its association with clinicoathological parameters and patients' prognosis. In the present study, our data suggests that P38α was significantly associated with the patients' histologic grade, lymphatic metastasis, TNM stage, preoperative CA19-9 levels and prognosis. The combination of P38α and CA19-9 improves the prognostic prediction in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

Materials and Methods

Patients and clinical parameters

We retrospectively analyzed 152 patients who underwent surgery and were pathologically diagnosed with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma at Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, the affiliated hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, from September 2013 to September 2015. Clinical parameters were extracted from their medical record. Overall survival was defined as the time from pathological diagnosis to death or loss of follow-up. None of the patients received any types of treatments (radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or immunotherapy) before surgery.

Western blot analysis

Cell lines of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma were lysed with RIPA buffer (Sigma, USA) with a cocktail of protease inhibitors (Thermo, USA). Proteins were denatured in 2× SDS buffer at 95°C, separated in 10% SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and transferred onto polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane (Millipore, Bedford, USA). After being blocked with 5% milk powder for 1 h at room temperature, the membrane was incubated with the following antibodies: rabbit anti-human polyclonal antibody against P38α (1:1000, Cell Signal Technology, USA), and mouse monoclonal anti-tubulin (1:2000, Abcam, UK) as the control. The samples were incubated with the secondary goat anti-mouse antibody (1:5000, Pierce, USA) for 1 h at room temperature. The blots were visualized by GE Amersham Imager 600.

Immunohistochemistry and staining evaluation

Rabbit anti-human polyclonal antibody against P38α (#9218, Cell Signal Technology, USA), which detects endogenous levels of total p38α MAPK, regardless of its phosphorylation state, were used for staining. This antibody does not cross-react with other p38 MAPK isoforms such as β, γ or δ. 3 μm-thick tissue slides were deparaffinized in xylene and rehydrated in graded ethanol. Antigen retrieval was carried out with 0.01 M citrate buffer (pH 6.0) and microwave heat induction for 15 min. The slides were subsequently incubated for 10 min with hydrogen peroxide (3%) to block endogenous peroxidase and then incubated overnight with the primary antibodies (dilution 1:100 for P38α) at 4°C. After being washed in phosphate-buffered saline, the slides were incubated with the horseradish peroxidase-labelled secondary antibody for 30 min. Diaminobenzidine was used as a chromogen for 5 min.

Two pathologists independently evaluated and scored the slides without knowledge of clinical characteristics. When their evaluations were divergent, consensus was achieved through discussion.

Statistical analysis

The significance of the association between P38α and clinical parameters was evaluated using the χ² test, t tests, one-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and Mann-Whitney U test. The discriminatory ability was assessed by building receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC) for P38α and preoperative CA19-9. The diagnostic value of the markers was evaluated based on area under the curve (AUC) and the evaluation of sensitivity and specificity at an optimal cutoff obtained by minimizing the total prediction error, by the following formula: sensitivity - (1-specificity). The Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to assess the association between P38α expression and preoperative CA19-9 levels and patients' overall survival. The Cox regression model was used for multivariate analysis of prognostic factors. All the analyses were carried out using the statistical software SPSS V.19.0. A P value < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.

 Figure 1 

P38α expression in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. (A) The pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cell lines expressed significantly higher levels of P38α compared with the pancreatic duct epithelial cell line HPNE. (B-E) P38α was mainly located in the cell membrane and cytoplasm. The P38α exression in tumor tissues (B, ×100, C, ×400) was significantly higher compared with that of the corresponding adjacent normal tissues (D, ×100, E ×400) (P < 0.001). (F) The rate of detection of P38α in tumor tissues (63.16%, 96/152) was significantly higher compared with that of the corresponding normal tissues (26.32%, 40/152) (P < 0.001).

Results

P38α expression in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

The expression of P38α in six pancreatic cancer cell lines was detected using western blotting, and the pancreatic duct epithelial cell line HPNE served as the nontumorigenic control. The pancreatic cancer cell lines expressed significantly higher levels of P38α compared with HPNE cells (Fig 1A). The expression of P38α in 152 specimens each of tumor and adjacent normal tissues was detected using immunohistochemistry. P38α was mainly located in the cell membrane and cytoplasm. The rate of detection of P38α in tumor tissues (63.16%, 96/152) was significantly higher compared with that of the corresponding adjacent normal tissues (26.32%, 40/152) (P < 0.01) (Fig 1B-1F).

Association between P38α and clinicopathological parameters

We divided the 152 patients into a P38α-high group (n = 96) and a P38α-low group (n = 56) according to the expression level of P38α. Higher expression of P38α in tumor tissues compared with that of adjacent normal tissues was significantly associated with tumor histologic grade (P = 0.013), lymphatic metastasis (P = 0.025), and TNM stage (P = 0.048). P38α expression in the poorly differentiation group (G3) was higher compared with that in the well-differentiated group (G1) (P = 0.013) (Fig 2, Table 1). P38α expression in TNM I group was lower compared with that in TNM IV group (P = 0.048) (Fig 3, Table 1), but high P38α expression was not associated with other clinical parameters (Table 2).

 Figure 2 

P38α expression in different histologic grade. P38α expression in the poorly differentiation group (G3, A, ×100, B, ×400) was higher compared with that in the well-differentiated group (G1, C, ×100, D, ×400) (P = 0.013).

 Figure 3 

P38α expression in different TNM stage. P38α expression in TNM stage IV group (A, ×100, B, ×400) was higher compared with that in TNM stage I group ( C, ×100, D, ×400) (P = 0.048).

Univariate and multivariate (Cox regression) survival analysis

To investigate whether clinicopathological parameters are associated with clinical outcome of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, we calculated univariate and multivariable models (Table 3). The univariate analysis showed that overall survival was significantly correlated to gender (P < 0.001), histological grade (P < 0.001), T category (P < 0.001), N category (P < 0.001), metastasis (P = 0.003), TNM stage (P < 0.001), preoperative CA19-9 (P < 0.001), CEA (P < 0.001), P38α (P = 0.011) and the combination of P38α and preoperative CA19-9 (P < 0.001). The multivariate analysis showed that overall survival was significantly correlated to age (P = 0.003), N Category (P = 0.015), histologic grade (P < 0.001), TNM stage (P = 0.003), preoperative CA19-9 (P = 0.049), P38α (P = 0.008) and the combination of P38α and preoperative CA19-9 (P = 0.008).

The median survival of the P38α-high group was 9.2 months (95% CI = 7.6-10.8 months) and that of the P38α-low group was 17.3 months (95% CI = 13.9-20.6 months). The overall survival (OS) of P38α-high group was significantly lower compared with that of the P38α-low group (P = 0.011) (Fig 4). Moreover, we analyzed P38α expression and its relationship with the OS of 174 patients in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset using OncoLnc in www.oncolnc.org. The survival of the P38α-low group was significantly longer compared with that of the P38α-high group (P = 0.0207) (Fig 5).

We included CA19-9, the most important biomarker of PDAC, into the analysis of patients' prognosis. The discriminatory ability was assessed by building receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for P38α and preoperative CA19-9 (Fig 6). The optimal cutoff, which was obtained by minimizing the total prediction error as described in the methods, for preoperative CA19-9 level was 43.63 U/mL (AUC = 0.761, sensitivity 81.5%, specificity 68.2%). We defined a cut-off value for preoperative CA19-9 level = 43.63 U/mL, which divided patients into CA19-9-high and CA19-9-low groups, to evaluate the association of preoperative CA19-9 level with prognosis. The median survival time of the CA19-9-high and -low groups were 11.1 months and 24.8 months, respectively. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis of patients with high CA19-9 value (> 43.63 U/mL) revealed a significantly poor overall survival compared to the patients with low CA19-9 value (< 43.63 U/mL) (P < 0.001, Fig 7).

 Figure 4 

Overall survival according to P38α expression. The overall survival of patients in P38α-low group was significantly better than that of patients in P38α-high group (P = 0.011).

 Figure 5 

Overall survival analysis of TCGA. The survival of the P38α-low group was significantly longer compared with that of the P38α-high group (P = 0.0207).

 Figure 6 

ROC curves for P38α and preoperative CA19-9. The optimal cutoff for preoperative CA19-9 level was 43.63 U/mL (AUC = 0.761, sensitivity 81.5%, specificity 68.2%).

 Figure 7 

Overall survival according to preoperative CA19-9 values. The overall survival of patients with CA19-9 < 43.63 U/ml was significantly better than that of patients with CA19-9 > 43.63 U/ml (P < 0.001).

When we included P38α and preoperative CA19-9 values in the analysis of prognosis and divided the patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma into three groups. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that the overall survival of P38α-low and CA19-9 < 43.63 group was 28.4 months (95% CI = 26.2 - 30.6 months, P < 0.001), the overall survival of P38α High or CA19-9 > 43.63 group was 16.3 months (95% CI = 13.7 - 18.8 months, P < 0.001), the overall survival of P38α High and CA19-9 > 43.63 group was 9.7 months (95% CI = 8.0 - 11.4 months) (P < 0.001, Fig 8).

Discussion

P38 plays a major role in the development and progression of tumors. However, it is very interesting that the role of P38 varies markedly in different tumors [4, 7, 8, 11]. For example, P38 acts as a tumor suppressor in organs such as the brain, lung, breast, and liver, while it acts as a tumor promoter in other organs such as the large intestine and breast [4]. P38 can suppress gliomas by inhibiting glioma-initiating cell [12]. P38 interferes with malignant transformation of breast cancer cells through its effects on signaling pathways that mediate cell proliferation, differentiation, and the induction of apoptosis, and thus plays an important role in preventing the development of breast cancer [13]. P38 plays a protective role in lung cancer as well. For example, inhibiting P38 activity leads to excessive proliferation of lung epithelial cells and activation of K-RASG12V-mediated tumorigenesis, and the mechanism may be related to the ability of P38α to inhibit the proliferation and differentiation of lung stem cells [14]. In liver cancer, P38α can maintain the homeostasis of hepatocytes, and knockout of P38 can promote N-nitrosodiethylamine-induced hepatocellular carcinoma through enhanced production of reactive oxygen species and activation of the JNK/c-Jun pathway [15, 16].

However, P38 plays a role in promoting other tumors. For example, the P38 MAPK inhibitor SB202190 suppresses the growth of transplanted tumors and reduces the tumor burden in mice with colon cancer [17, 18]. The P38 MAPK inhibitor LY2228820 suppresses the growth of transplanted breast cancer in mice [19]. Moreover, P38 can promote the development and metastasis of tumors through multiple pathways, for example, by regulating epithelial interstitial transformation and angiogenesis and promoting inflammation [11].

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma occurs in a special anatomical location and exhibits unique phenotypes, which contribute to its extremely high degree of malignancy and very poor prognosis. For example, activation of P38 promotes the proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of pancreatic cancer cells [20, 21]. In contrast, the suppression of P38 activation prevents the progression of pancreatic cancer [9, 22]. However, previous studies mainly focused on the P38 family. The expression levels of the P38 family members P38α (MAPK14), p38β (MAPK11), p38γ (MAPK12), and p38δ (MAPK13) vary, and each isoform may play a unique role in different tumors [23]. This may explain why the roles of P38 are markedly in different tumors.

 Figure 8 

Combination of P38α and preoperative CA19-9 in overall survival analysis. The overall survival of P38α-low and CA19-9 < 43.63 group, P38α High or CA19-9 > 43.63 group, P38α High and CA19-9 > 43.63 group was 28.4 months, 16.3 months and 9.7 months separately (P < 0.001).

In the present study, we performed immunohistochemical analysis to detect the expression of P38α, the most important member of the P38 family, in 152 surgical specimens of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma to assess its association with clinical data, pathological information, and prognosis. We found that relatively high expression of P38α in tumor tissues was associated with patients' histologic grade, lymphatic metastasis, TNM stage, and preoperative CA19-9 levels. The overall survival of P38α-high group was significantly lower compared with that of the P38α-low group. Moreover, the overall survival of patients with CA19-9 < 43.63 U/ml was significantly better than that of patients with CA19-9 > 43.63 U/ml. Analysis of P38α expression, combined with the activity of preoperative CA19-9, showed that lymphatic metastasis, TNM stage, histological grade, preoperative CA19-9 levels and P38α expression were statistically significant independent risk factors affecting the prognosis. The CA19-9 has been reported as a predictive biomarker of prognosis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Furthermore, several reports have suggested that the serial measurement of CA19-9 can predict the response to chemotherapy. However, the optimal cutoff values of CA19-9 have remained controversial [24-27]. Specifically, the expression of P38α combined with preoperative CA19-9 allowed for a better evaluation of prognosis in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

In conclusion, P38α was significantly associated with the PDAC patients' histologic grade, lymphatic metastasis, TNM stage and prognosis. P38α expression and preoperative CA19-9 levels were independent risk factors affecting the prognosis of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. The combination of high expression of p38α and preoperative carbohydrate antigen 19-9 indicate poor prognosis in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Further studies are required to verify the feasibility of using P38α as a potential target to treat pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

Acknowledgements

This research was supported by Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.LY17H160015 and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81572323) and Zhejiang Provincial Medical and Health Science and Technology Program (No. 2018KY491).

Ethics

The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Hanghzou, China.

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interest exists.

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Author contact

Corresponding author: Professor Liping Cao, Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, the affiliated hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 3, Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310000, China. E-mail: 11518310edu.cn

Received 2017-6-29
Accepted 2017-12-8
Published 2018-1-6

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