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J Cancer 2018; 9(23):4477-4483. doi:10.7150/jca.26547 This issue Cite

Research Paper

Feasibility and Efficacy of Simultaneous Integrated Boost Intensity-modulated Radiation Therapy based on MRI-CT fusion in Patients with Brain Metastases of Non-small Cell Lung Cancer

Yinping Dong^1,3, Yanke Zhang², Tianyi Zhang¹, Min Fan³, Jian Zhu³, Baosheng Li³, Wei Huang³

1. School of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Jinan-Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China;
2. Department of Radiation Oncology, the General Hospital of Yan-zhou Mining Group, Jining, China;
3. Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China

✉ Corresponding author: Wei Huang, Fax: (+86)531-67626162; Tel: (+86)531-67626162; Address: 440 Jiyan Road, Jinan 250117, Shandong Province, China; E-mail: alvinbirdcom

Abstract

Purpose: To assess the feasibility and therapeutic effects of simultaneous integrated boost intensity-modulated radiation therapy (SIB-IMRT) based on the fusion imaging of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) as a dose-intensive technique in patients with brain metastases (BM) of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Methods and materials: Forty-six NSCLC patients with 1 to 7 brain metastases were enrolled in this retrospective study between November, 2011 and February, 2017. Thirty-one patients (67.4%) had 1-3 metastases (oligometastases), otherwise, more than 3 metastases were seen in only 15 patients (32.6%). GTV (Gross tumor volume) contouring was based on the fusion imaging of MRI-CT, WBRT was prescribed in 37.5 Gy/15 fractions with a simultaneous boost in the metastatic lesions of 52.5 Gy/15 fractions.

Results: The median overall survival (OS) and intracranial progression free survival (PFS) for all the patients were 20.0 months and 11.0 months, respectively. The 6-month and 1-year OS were 87.0% and 69.6% respectively, while the 6-month and 1-year PFS were 78.3% and 43.5% respectively. Until the end of the follow-up, 16 patients (34.8%) were alive. No evidence of intracranial progress or recurrence was found in 6 patients (13.0%) during the follow-up.

Conclusion: SIB-IMRT with the dose/fractionation based on the fusion imaging of MRI-CT is feasible and safe. It is beneficial to the NSCLC patients with BM and can reduce the overall costs of treatment.

Keywords: non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), simultaneous integrated boost (SIB), intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), brain metastases (BM), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Introduction

Lung cancer is currently the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide [1] with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounting for approximately 85% of all lung cancer cases [2]. Brain metastasis (BM) is a common complication in NSCLC patients. Not only deterioration of primary lesions and metastases, but brain metastases are the main cause of morbidity and mortality in NSCLC patients. Evidence comes that BM occurred in up to more than 10% patients with NSCLC at the time of diagnosis [3, 4], while 30%-40% of NSCLC patients develop brain metastasis at some point during the course of the disease [5].

The whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT) is used as a significant palliative modality of treatment in patients of multiple-lesion BM because most chemotherapeutic regimens are not optional due to the block of the blood-brain barrier. Concerning dose-fraction mode, 30 Gy in 10 fractions or 37.5 Gy in 15 fractions is recommended as standard treatment; meanwhile, 20 Gy in 5 fractions is an alternative for poor performers. By using WBRT, 4-6 months prolonged overall survival (OS) has obtained [6, 7]. However, patients simply received WBRT are prone to have intracerebral recurrence. Randomized studies approve that the use of WBRT combined with operation or additional stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) or 3-dimentional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) for those with single or regional multiple lesions (<3 metastatic lesions) of BM are more beneficial in the local control and median OS of nervous system than the use of only one method [8-10].

There is less chance for them to undergo palliative resection, and therefore, the successive SRS followed by WBRT is universally accepted for its promising therapeutic effect. Nevertheless, these two different radiation modes need their own treatment plans respectively, and there are more difficulties on plans connection, dose-fraction calculation and time intervals [11, 12]. Furthermore, inadequate redistribution and reoxygenation of SRS in biological effect, as well as the increase of total treatment period can impair local control in some degree, especially for certain subtype tumors in rapid proliferation [13]. The technique of simultaneous integrated boost intensity-modulated radiotherapy (SIB-IMRT) has well developed for years, which allows delivering different dosage simultaneously at a single fraction to different target volumes [14]. SIB-IMRT makes it possible to enhance the radiation intensity of corresponding volumes meanwhile not to extend the overall therapeutic period [15, 16].

We carried out a retrospective study, aiming to assess the feasibility and safety of SIB-IMRT as a dose-intensive technique for BM patients of lung cancer. Treatment response and survival of SIB-IMRT were also investigated in the paper.

Patients and Methods

Patients' selection

All patients were diagnosed with NSCLC by pathology or cytology. Patients had to be present with pathologically confirmed NSCLC and had clinical and radiological evidence of 1 to 7 BMs, which was clarified by enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, and inaccessible for surgery or chemotherapy; Karnofsky performance score (KPS) ≥ 60; life expectancy ≥ 1 months; age>18 years; at least one lesion that can be measured before radiotherapy; adequate hematological function (neutrophil count ≥ 1.5 × 10⁹/L; hemoglobin ≥ 90 g/L; thrombocyte count ≥ 100 × 10⁹/L). Exclusion criteria were as follows: intracranial surgery history; complete loss of either locomotive or sensory functions; severe disturbance of consciousness (stupor or coma); psychologically diagnosed disorders or other severe chronic diseases, such as uncontrollable diabetes, significant cardiac disease and hypertension; pregnant and lactating female patients. All eligible patients delivered literal (written informed) consent, and the study was approved by the institutional review boards of the Shandong Cancer Prevention and Treatment Research Ethics Committee.

Treatment details

All the patients were immobilized by thermoplastic noninvasive mask and then underwent the helical CT (Philips Brilliance Big Bores CT) scanning in supine position, 3 mm a layer, and all the images were uploaded to treatment planning system (TPS, Eclipse 8.6, Varian Medical System, Palo Alto, CA). As a pre-radiotherapy, all patients underwent a contrast MRI scan, and the images of these MRI and the treatment planning CT scan were fused to help with optimum delineation.

Guided by the fusion images, we then delineated the gross tumor volume (GTV) based on the MRI scan. GTV was defined as the scope of visible intracranial lesions. And PTV₁ (planning target volume) was generated by adding a 5 mm margin to the GTV. As well, the target volume of the whole brain was defined as PTV_2. Prescription dose to PTV₁ was 3.5 Gy per fraction to a total dose of 52.5Gy in 15 fractions. The PTV₂ was delivered in daily 2.5 Gy fractions to a total of 37.5Gy in same fractions. All fractions were delivered five times a week. The treatment plans were designed to cover at least 95% of PTV₁ with 95% isodose, within the dose ranging from 90% to 105%. The dose constraints of organs at risk (OARs), namely, included the maximal doses (Dmax) of brain stem ≤ 54 Gy, spinal cord ≤ 45 Gy, optic nerve ≤ 54 Gy, lens ≤ 9 Gy and the mean dose of eye (Dmean) ≤ 35 Gy, parotid ≤ 26 Gy [17].

According to the linear quadratic formula, the biological equivalent dose (BED) could be estimated via — BED = nd × [1 + d / (α / β)], in which n stands for the total number of prescribed dose; d for the dose of each fraction; (α / β) = 10 for acute effect [18].

Adverse effect assessment and statistical analysis

The final adverse effects were defined as the most severe side reaction from the first day of the treatment and 4 weeks post-radiotherapy, being scored via National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria for Adverse Events (NCI CTC-AE) version 3.0. Late toxicities were estimated through Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) and European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) late radiation morbidity scoring schema after 3 months treatment. During the follow-up, all the patients should receive contrast-enhanced MRI or CT for head to evaluate the therapeutic effect. The treatment effects were referred to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST 1.1). The clinical evaluations and the follow-up were at 3-month intervals up to the first 2 years. And thereafter, it was 6 months.

The main endpoint of the research was grade 3 or more severe neural toxicities. The other endpoints were overall survival, intracranial progress-free survival (PFS). OS was recorded from the initiation of the treatment to the death of subjects or the latest follow-up. PFS was also recorded from treatment start, and ended in cranial progression, patients' death or last follow-up. The response based on the MRI or CT about the brain lesions were classified as follows: (1) Progressive disease (PD) denoting increase in the number or in contrast enhancement of the original lesions; (2) stable disease (SD) that signified no apparent change in either the number or enhancement characteristics; (3) complete response (CR) that reflected both, reduction in number and/or enhancement pattern.

Kaplan-Meier method was used to assess the OS and PFS, and SPSS software pack (version 17.0, SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL) was employed for statistics analysis.

Results

Patient characteristics

Of all 52 patients, 46 met the inclusion criteria and were involved from Shandong Cancer Hospital & Institute between November, 2011 and February, 2017. Ineligible ones were excluded for severe systematic disease (n = 2), incomplete study data (n = 1), and lose of follow-up (n = 3). The vast majority (31, 67.4%) of these patients have 1-3 metastases (oligometastases) with more than three metastases seen in only 32.6% (15) of the patients. Of these, there was 15 with a single (solitary) metastasis, meanwhile, 8 had>4 brain metastases. All the eligible 46 patients received cranial radiotherapy, in which 7 patients were squamous cell carcinoma, 37 were adenocarcinoma, and 2 were mixed cell carcinoma. The median age was 60 years (range, 34 - 81 years). The detailed baseline data of the subjects were seen in Table 1.

Treatment characteristics

The radiotherapy plan was revised before being performed. And the dose of OARs was well restrained. No more than 5% target volume received 110% prescribed dose. The BED of PTV₁ in SIB-IMRT was 59.06Gy; for PTV₂ the BED was 39.06Gy. The parameters of the OARs were assessed via DVH (Table 2). As the primary endpoint of this study was "neurotoxicity", by application of (α / β) = 30, which reflect the late effect of irradiation, the BED of PTV₁ in SIB-IMRT was 113.75Gy (52.5Gy/15 fractions); for PTV₂ the BED was 68.75Gy (37.5Gy / 15 fractions).

Toxicity

Acute treatment-related toxicities were detailed in Table 3. The most common adverse reactions were headache (n = 24, 52.2%), nausea (n = 18, 39.1%), dizziness (n = 19, 41.3%) and fatigue 17 (n = 17, 37.0%). Radiotherapy was well tolerated and no grade 4 events, brain hernia, or intratumoral hemorrhage occurred. 2 patients had grade III nausea, and 2 patients got grade III vomiting. 2 had grade III headache, and 1 had grade III fatigue. Patients with grade II or III reaction received necessary treatment such as administration of mannitol and corticosteroids to alleviate the symptoms induced by high intracranial pressure. During or after radiotherapy, all had alopecia in different degree. Neither discontinued treatment, nor death caused by treatment was observed in the patients.

We evaluated the neurocognitive function for all patients by use of MMSE (Mini-Mental State Examination) scores at the diagnosis of the BMs, 3 months after the radiotherapy (WBRT-IMRT), then every three months until the end of the PFS and the follow-up. The data of the MMSE were as follows in Table 4. The neurotoxicity included headache, dizziness, and blurred vision, memory loss, hearing loss, inattention and emotional dysfunction, even neurologic sequelae such as dementia, abulia, stupor, and coma. For long-term adverse event, four patients complained about the mild memory loss at least 6 months after treatment. Two patients showed deterioration of hearing nearly 1 year after treatment. During the follow-up, there also were 2 with the symptoms of inattention and emotional dysfunction, and 3 with coma towards the end of the follow-up. Symptoms existing before treatment such as headache, dizziness, and blurred vision were acutely exacerbated after the radiotherapy, especially after 3 months of the radiotherapy, but obviously ameliorated as time passes. But the irreversible neurotoxic symptom, such as memory loss, hearing loss and so on, which were considered as the late adverse effects, may gradually emerged and aggravated towards the end of life.

Response evaluation

For each patient, iconographical examination was served as evaluating the therapeutic response 4 weeks after radiotherapy. According to RECIST criteria, of the 46 patients, 3 patients had complete response (CR), 31 ones got partial response (PR), and the rest showed stable disease (SD). The overall response (CR+PR) rate was 73.9%, and the disease control (CR+PR+SD) rate was 100%. No one got progressive disease (PD) or died before the treatment response evaluation (Table 5).

Survival

The median follow-up time of these 46 patients who completed the planned therapy was 16.5 months (range: 1.5 - 60 months). In the meantime, the median survival and intracranial PFS of all the patients were 20.0 months (95% CI: 15.4 - 24.6 months) and 11.0 months (95% CI: 9.6 - 12.4 months), respectively. The OS and PFS were shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2. The 6-month and 1-year OS rate were 87.0% and 69.6% respectively, while the 6-month and 1-year PFS rate were 78.3% and 43.5% respectively. Until the last follow-up, 16 patients (34.8%) were alive. Deterioration of extracranial lesion or systemic status was the main cause of the death (n = 13). Among all patients, 12 patients were with extracranial lesions at the diagnosis of BMs but not all died from this, which included 7 bone metastases, 3 adrenal gland metastases and 2 ampulla area occupied lesions were included. Cranial progression and central nervous system (CNS) complications were also the reasons for the death (n = 5). Still 3 patients died of pulmonary infectious complications. There are a portion of patients who have developed a progression but not died (n = 10), however, no evidence of intracranial progress or recurrence was also found in 6 patients (13.0%) during the follow-up.

 Figure 1 

The OS of 46 patients who completed the planned therapy.

 Figure 2 

The PFS of 46 patients who completed the planned therapy.

Discussion

WBRT has played a crucial role as a main treatment in patients with intracranial metastases, and has been of great importance in prolonging progress-free survival (PFS) and improving QoL [19]. However, the total dose in 40 Gy is allowed in WBRT, otherwise, potential permanent neural injure will be caught in CNS. Bolgelt et al. found no difference of 20 Gy/5 fractions, 30 Gy/10 fractions, 30 Gy/15 fractions, 40 Gy/15 fractions and 40 Gy/20 fractions of intracranial radiation in median survival [20, 21]. National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) recommended the standard regimen of WBRT was 37.5 Gy/15 fractions or 30 Gy/10 fractions. Since the single use of operation does not have good disease control, especially for one BM; and local control failure in 35% - 60% patients ensued [9, 22], therefore, resection or SRS plus WBRT were well discussed.

Whereas, it is controversial that the role of WBRT plays in NSCLC in the recently studies, which indicated that WBRT provided no clinically significant OS benefit, or needed for steroids over supportive care [23]. In the past decades, evidence comes that SRS alone is present with improved survival for patients with 1 to 3 BM [24]. A recent multiinstitutional JLGK 0901 prospective study revealed the class-2 evidence that SRS without WBRT is an effective treatment for patients up to 10 metastatic lesions. The data suggested that SRS can be used and WBRT can be withheld in selected patients with multiple lesions to avoid acute or chronic adverse effects, especially neurocognitive decline, without causing survival disadvantage [25]. However, patient selection is very critical for SRS treatment alone. Three phase 3 randomized trials (NCCTCG N0574, EORTC 22952-26001, and JROSG 99-1) have proved that compared to SRS, SRS combined with WBRT were more effective in local control and PFS for oligometastases (1-4 BM), the OS made no difference yet [10, 26, 27]. But, significantly better OS was observed in the diagnosis-specific Graded Prognostic Assessment (DS-GPA) 2.5-4.0 group in WBRT + SRS vs the SRS alone.

While in the aspect of planning, though RTOG 9508 confirmed that the delivery of SRS after WBRT did prolong the PFS [28], the overall treatment period was also extended. And evidence came that the treatment plan of simultaneous intensity boost in BM was more beneficial than that in the sequential radiotherapy. By using synchronously tomotherapy, Rodrigues et al. demonstrated 60 Gy/10 fractions intralesional boost with WBRT of 30 Gy/10 fractions was biologically equivalent with a stereotactic radiosurgery boost of 18 Gy/1 fraction with 30 Gy/10 fractions WBRT, and this modality generated no more treatment-relevant toxicities [29].

In our study, SIB-IMRT was utilized in the treatment of patients with BM. Not only oligometastases but also disseminated BMs which included gross and microscopic lesions could be controlled. Especially advocated in this study, harboring lesions of greater number (1-7) was included. WBRT was exerted in 37.5 Gy/15 fractions; meantime, a simultaneous boost in the metastatic lesions could reach 52.5 Gy in 15 fractions. This modality made dose of different PTVs computed in a single plan, and the mature technique of SIB-IMRT had its advantages in plan design and skill exertion, when comparing with other forms of synchronous boost radiation therapies; in the meantime, the dose in critical tissues and organs were still exactly confined within the limits. We finally obtained favorable outcomes, namely, 4.3% grade III nausea and vomiting respectively, overall response rate was 73.9%, the 6-month and 1-year PFS rate were 78.3% and 43.5%. Notably, the sample size of the trial was small.

In the research of BM treatment, the balance of maximal therapeutic effects and minimal side effects was of paramount significance. WBRT may improve intracranial control by a control of microscopic disease and subclinical focus, but is associated with significant long-term detrimental effects on overall outcome, such as neurocognitive decline and delaying systemic therapy [30]. Weber et al. investigated that under the premise of no augmenting toxicity to CNS, higher dose radiation therapy in oligo-BM might favor the patients, especially when patients with relative good mood, such as younger age, higher performance score, fewer BM and good control of primary disease [31]. So, in this study, we chose 37.5 Gy / 15 fractions other than 30 Gy / 10 fractions as the standard therapeutic regimen in WBRT. The median OS and PFS were 20.0 and 11.0 months, respectively, and most acute treatment-relative toxicities had been well tolerated. No one stopped the therapy because of the toxicities. Grade III adverse reaction were observed in few patients and had been relieved by symptomatic treatment afterwards. As for long-term toxicities, 4 patients had slight memory loss and the other 2 suffered from hearing decline, which did not impact the QoL severely. Notably, the toxicities have no relationship with the number of BM lesions irradiated.

Another factor that made SIB-IMRT beneficial to our patients was its economic efficiency. Most recently, a clinical study by Tiwari et al. had also discussed the advantages of the technique [32], and they suggested the higher dose of boost in oligo BM during WBRT has more advantages than SRS in the aspect of simplifying procedure and reducing associated cost, which was more meaningful for developing countries.

In order to avoid or delay the need for WBRT or reduce the potential adverse effects with the use of WBRT, specialists try a lot of new methods to reach it. The potential of Hippocampal-avoidance WBRT has been proved in a phase 2 trial; nevertheless, a phase 3 trial should be carried out to verify its ability to preserve cognitive function. That the visible (or macroscopic) lesions can treated with SRS and microscopic lesions can be controlled by targeted therapy and immunotherapy as a standpoint springs up. When it comes to this, what is deserved to be mentioned is the study by Yi Long Wu et al., which pointed out that targeted therapy, Icotinib, was preferred with immproved intracranial progression-free survival (iPFS), PFS and ORR over WBRT along with chemotherapy in advanced NSCLC with BM harboring epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations[33].

To be concluded, the treatment of SIB-IMRT exerted in with 1 to 7 BMs patients of NSCLC was well tolerated. The outcomes were promising and have proved that the SIB-IMRT is a feasible regimen. However, as a trial with small sample capacity, further randomized investigation and long-term observation of advanced neurological functions should be made to access the survival advantage of SIB-IMRT. Whether to use WBRT or not to control BM is still needed answering. How the RT should be given with targeted agents and/or immunotherapy which have both systemic and intracranial activity to the patients with drive gene is also needed further investigated.

Abbreviations

BM: Brain metastases; QoL: Quality of life; WBRT: Whole brain radiotherapy; OS: Overall survival; SRS: Stereotactic radiosurgery; 3DCRT: 3-dimentional conformal radiotherapy; SIB-IMRT: Simultaneous integrated boost intensity- modulated radiotherapy; CT: Computed tomography; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; KPS: Kanofsky performance score; TPS: Treatment planning system; GTV: Gross target volume; PTV: Planning target volume; OAR: Organ at risk; BED: Biological equivalent dose. CTC-AE: Common toxicity criteria for adverse events; RTOG: Radiation Therapy Oncology Group; EORTC: European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer; RECIST: Response evaluation criteria in solid tumors; PFS: Progress-free survival; CR: Complete release; PR: Partial release; SD: Stable disease; PD: Progressive disease; CNS: Central nervous system; iPFS: intracranial progression-free survival.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by grant no.81402538, no.81530060, no.81671785 from the National Natural Science Foundation of China.

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interest exists.

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Author contact

Corresponding author: Wei Huang, Fax: (+86)531-67626162; Tel: (+86)531-67626162; Address: 440 Jiyan Road, Jinan 250117, Shandong Province, China; E-mail: alvinbirdcom

Received 2018-4-8
Accepted 2018-9-9
Published 2018-10-31

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