PDF

J Cancer 2020; 11(13):3834-3845. doi:10.7150/jca.42409 This issue Cite

Research Paper

Prognostic evaluation of colorectal cancer using three new comprehensive indexes related to infection, anemia and coagulation derived from peripheral blood

Yalun Li¹, Huizhe Wu², Chengzhong Xing¹, Xiaoyun Hu², Fangxiao Zhang³, Yangjie Peng¹, Zeyu Li¹, Tingting Lu¹

1. Department of Anorectal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang, Liaoning, China
2. Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
3. Department of Intensive Care Unit, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China

✉ Corresponding author: Tingting Lu, Department of Anorectal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China. Tel: +86-13898895882; E-mail: 514368682com

Abstract

Background: Many indicators of peripheral blood in routine blood test (BRT) results of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients are related to prognosis. Currently, indexes such as NLR (Neutrophil-to- Lymphocyte Ratio), PLR (Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio) and LMR (Lymphocyte-to-Monocyte ratio) evaluate the survival risk of patients by assessing the inflammatory - immune status of CRCs. These indexes are more comprehensive and accurate than independent estimates. We hope to design more effective indexes through fully considering the correlation and significance between BRT indicators and prognosis, so as to play a guiding role in clinical malignant estimation of CRCs.

Methods: 701 CRCs in training set and 256 CRCs in test set were included in the study samples, and their clinical data, tumor pathology results and peripheral blood routine results were collected. The prognosis, progression, and survival status of all patients were determined after follow-up. Above data were used for statistical analysis and designing new indexes.

Results: It was found that high NE, MONO, RDW-CV/SD and PLT in peripheral blood indicated poor prognosis of DFS and OS. Conversely, CRCs with postoperative tumor progression or death had lower LY, EO, RBC, HGB, HCT, MCV, MCH, MCHC, PDW, and P-LCR. IRR, ARR and CRR related to infection, anemia and coagulation were designed respectively using the largest AUC indicators (P<0.05) selected by ROC curve. The formula: IRR= (NE*MONO)/(LY*EO); ARR= (HGB*MCHC)/RDW-CV; CRR=PLT/PDW. Results of Kaplan‑Meier survival analysis and multivariate COX proportional hazard analysis adjusted for age, gender, TNM stage, infiltration, adhesion showed IRR, ARR, CRR were all able to be used as the evaluation standard of survival of CRC. The result was also authenticated in the test set.

Conclusion: We designed three different prognostic indexes of colorectal cancer, IRR, ARR and CRR, which could be used as risk indicators of CRC prognosis, tumor progression and survival.

Introduction

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide and is associated with a high mortality rate due to its rapid progression^[1]. Generally, postoperative pathological analysis results are used to evaluate the degree of malignancy in terms of TNM-stage-based invasion depth, lymph node metastasis, pathological type and tumor growth pattern, so as to predict the prognosis and formulate auxiliary treatment programs^{[2, 3]}. With the deepening of biomarker research, various types of indicators had been found to be related to the biological characteristics even prognosis survival of colorectal cancer, including genetic molecules, blood parameters and even nutritional indexes^[4-6]. Therefore, the exploration of reliable and concise indexes may help doctors more accurately to evaluate CRC malignancy and screen for prognosis, which is of great significance for clinical treatment.

Peripheral blood test is commonly used in clinical practice. Blood routine test (BRT), as one of the most basic peripheral blood biochemical tests, can quickly and accurately detect the values of blood components such as white blood cells (WBC), lymphocytes (LY), red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin (HGB) and platelets (PLT), as well as other related indicators, in order to effectively indicate abnormalities of infection, anemia and cruor^[7-9]. In recent years, a wide variety of blood indicators with different changes were concerned and discussed in the study of malignant tumor diseases including CRC: Qian W, et al. reported that the post-/pre-treatment MPV (Mean Platelet Volume) ratio were prognostic factors for OS in resectable CRCs^[10]; Preoperative neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and red blood cell distribution width (RDW), especially the independent prediction of NLR, were confirmed as effective biomarkers for clinical diagnosis and prognosis evaluation of esophageal cancers^[11]; In patients with pathologic stage I non-small cell lung cancer undergoing surgical resection, high LY and PLT count from peripheral blood could provide poor prognostic value independently^[12]; Even the ratios between indicators were developed into new indexes, which had fairly good prognostic significance, including NLR, Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (PLR), Lymphocyte-to-Monocyte ratio (LMR).^[13-16].

Compared with the traditional pathological test of tumor lesions, peripheral blood biochemical test has the great advantages of quick and simple sample acquisition, low collection cost, minimal trauma and preoperative detection, which should be paid more attention to in research. We reported that RDW-CV (Red Cell Distribution Width-CV) combined with CEA can effectively predict the poor prognosis of CRC^[17]. Similarly, it was observed that LY, HGB, MCV (Mean Corpuscular Volume), MCH (Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin), MCHC (Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration), PDW (Platelet Distribution Width) and some other indicators in peripheral blood of CRCs often presented comprehensive abnormalities, which aroused our strong interest. Therefore, we boldly speculate that innovative indexes that have a specific relationship with prognosis of colorectal cancer can be obtained by calculating blood routine indicators of patients with CRC. We conducted the following retrospective study in the hope of verifying new prognostic indexes and comparing them with NLR, PLR and LMR popular comparative indexes, so as to provide clinical guidance for the assessment of CRC prognostic risk.

Materials and Methods

Ethics statement

The First Hospital of China Medical University and the Medical Ethics Committee of China Medical University approved this study. Due to the retrospective nature of the study, the First Hospital of China Medical University and the Medical Ethics Committee of China Medical University waived the need of written informed consent by the patients. All the samples were anonymous.

Patients and methods

Study Population

Patients with CRC who received systemic therapy including laparoscopic surgeries with adjuvant postoperative chemotherapy were recruited between January 2012 and December 2015 at the department of Anorectal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University. All patients accepted preoperative blood biochemical tests (BRT, blood electrolyte, hepatorenal function, blood gas analysis), colonoscopy, contrast-enhanced CT examination of lung and abdomen, and other necessary cardiopulmonary function assessment. Serum tumor marker (CEA, AFP, CA12-5, CA15-3, CA19-9) in peripheral blood, regular CT scans and colonoscopy during follow-up were used to detect tumor metastasis and/or progression. The study population was selected according to the following criteria and followed up to September 2018.

The inclusion criteria: I) Pathological diagnosed with CRC; II) Complete blood samples were approved for experimental analysis; III) Patients insisted on rechecking rigorous post-operative review and adjuvant chemotherapy in accordance with the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines (www.nccn.org)^[18]; IV) Follow-up compliance was good and detailed clinicopathological data were available.

The exclusion criteria: I) Incomplete patient information and/or loss of follow-up; II) No complete preoperative result of BRT; III) Preoperative adjuvant chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy; IV) Postoperative review and adjuvant treatment were not appropriately accepted; V) Patients with history of other serious diseases that affect survival outcomes possibly, such as myocardial infarction, cerebral infarction, high risk of hypertension and/or infectious diseases, etc.; VI) Severe postoperative complications including intestinal fistula, anastomotic obstruction, and pulmonary infarction.

 Figure 1 

Screening process of sample patients.

Finally, 957 CRC patients were collected. All laparoscopic surgeries were presided over by two experienced surgeons and operation, to ensure there were no obvious differences between surgeries. The total samples were divided into training set (701 samples) and test set (256 samples) according to different surgeons. (Figure 1)

Blood Biochemistry

All peripheral blood samples obtained from patients with fasting state were examined by laboratory department of the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University through blood cell analyzer (Sysmex XE-5000, Japan) one week before the operation.

Tissue Pathology

Postoperative complete resection of tumor specimens was sent to the second tumor institute of the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University for Pathological Examination in 12 hours. The TNM stage involved infiltration depth and lymph node metastasis, pathological type, differentiation degree, tumor growth pattern and morphology were reported by qualified professional pathologists according to the latest AJCC cancer manual^[19]. Intraoperative laparoscopy was used to observe the adhesion between tumor and surrounding organs.

Methods

Complete clinical and pathological characteristics of the sample patients were collected for collation and statistical analysis, including gender, age, BRT results and pathological description. All patients were required to follow-up and review strictly after treatment for tumor recurrence and survival. Disease free survival (DFS) was based on the last CT and colonoscopy to assess the progress of CRC; Overall survival (OS) was based on whether the patients were live or not.

Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis was conducted by SPSS 24.0 (Chicago, IL, USA) and Graphpad Prism 7.0 (Graphpad Software, CA, USA). The classification data were analyzed using the Pearson chi-square test, continuous variables were tested by spearman two-variable correlation test and the linearity was analyzed by the logistic regression analysis. ROC curve was used to evaluate the sensitivity, specificity and the area of AUC. The survival rate was calculated using Kaplan‑Meier method test and the multivariate COX proportional hazard regression model was used to evaluate the association of multiple variables. A P value of less than 0.05 (P <0.05) was considered statistically significant.

Results

In the training set, there were a total of 701 patients with an average age of 61.8 years included 342 young and 359 old people. Male/female patients and colon/rectal cancer were 428/273 and 227/474, respectively. The right and left colon cancers (89/138) occurred in the cecum/ascending colon/hepatic convolutions and splenic convolutions/descending colon/sigmoid colon. In terms of tumor TNM stage, there were 111, 292, 262, 36 cases in stage I to IV. In detail, 450 cases of tumor invaded serous membrane (T4), among which 103 cases were found tumor adhered to peripheral tissue or organs during surgery (T4b); In addition, 279 cases of lymphatic node metastasis (N1, N2) and 36 cases of lung and/or liver metastasis were found (M1). Described in pathological reports, 130/384/187 cases of poor/medium/well differentiation, 552 cases of adenocarcinoma and 149 cases of non-adenocarcinoma pathological types such as mucinous adenocarcinoma and signeta-ring cell carcinoma (SRCC) with higher malignancy were distinguished. Moreover, 554 and 411 CRCs showed ulcerative or invasive form of tumor morphology and growth pattern. By the end of follow-up, 184 cases of cancer progression were found, and 178 people died. Average DFS and OS time were 989.3 and 1199.8 days. BRT results were shown in the supplementary materials. (Table 1, Table S1)

Indicators of peripheral blood were correlated with multiple CRC characteristics

Bivariate correlations between continuous variables of BRT outcomes and clinical, pathological characteristics of CRCs were analyzed, and many statistically significant results were obtained. According to the content reflected by peripheral blood indicators, they were divided into three parts: inflammatory, anemia and coagulation. In addition to differentiation, various indicators of BRT were closely related to the clinical, pathological and survival of CRC. In the peripheral blood of elderly CRCs, the values of LY, BASO (Basophilic Granulocyte), RBC, HGB, HCT, MCH and MCHC were lower, while the values of RDW-CV /SD were higher; The values of WBC, NE, MONO, EO, RBC, HGB, HCT, MCV, MCH and MCHC were higher in male patients, while those of RDW-CV, PLT, P-LCR (Platelet-Larger Cell Ratio), PCT (Platelet Cell Thrombocytocrit) and MPV were higher in female patients; Compared with colon cancers, the peripheral blood of patients with rectal cancers showed higher LY, RBC, HGB, HCT MCV, MCH, MCHC and lower RDW-CV, PLT, PCT; The left colon cancer patients had lower LY; CRCs with poorer TNM stage showed high NE, MONO, RDW-CV, PLT and low LY, HGB, MCV, MCH, MCHC, PDW; Specifically, NE, MONO, BASO, PLT, PCT were higher and LY, HGB, HCT, MCV, MCH, MCHC were lower in CRCs with T4, while CRCs with N1/2 were only associated with lower LY, and WBC, NE, MONO were higher and RBC, HGB, PDW were lower in M1 patients; Peripheral blood of non-adenocarcinoma CRC patients tended to have the characteristics of low levels of HGB, HCT, MCV, MCH and MCHC; CRC patients with ulcerative/invasive morphology tumors showed higher PLT, while patients with protuberant type tumors showed higher PDW, P-LCR and MPV in peripheral blood; Tumors of ulcerative/invasive growth pattern were associated with lower EO; Patients with intraoperatively found adhesion between tumors and surrounding tissues and organs showed high values of WBC, NE, MONO, RDW-CV, PLT, PCT and low values of LY, RBC, HGB, HCT, MCV, MCH, MCHC, PDW, P-LCR, MPV; In the prognostic survival correlation results as the main research objective, we found that higher NE, MONO, RDW-CV, RDW-SD (Red Cell Distribution Width-SD), PLT could lead to worse prognosis of DFS and OS; on the contrary, high blood values of LY, EO, RBC, HGB, HCT, MCV, MCH, MCHC, PDW could indicate good DFS and OS survival, while P-LCR was only correlated with good DFS, but not with OS. (Table 2, Table S2)

 Figure 2 

Prognosis survival ROC curve of peripheral blood indicators.

Screening effective new peripheral blood indexes for CRC prognostic evaluation

According to bivariate correlation results, we found that the indicators in peripheral blood were very closely related to the following clinical and pathological characteristics: Age, gender, TNM stage, infiltration, adhesion, DFS and OS. Age and gender were used as covariates for subsequent studies due to differences in the health base range. ROC curves with statistical correlation between indicators of BRT and DFS/OS were drawn. On the premise of P<0.05, the AUC area and the content reflected were referred to to select the appropriate indicators comprehensively. (Figure 2) The contents reflected by RBC/HGB/HCT showed no difference and tended to be the same, as in MCH/MCV/MCHC and RDW-CV/SD. Therefore, we extracted the most prominent indicators in the AUC region of positive and negative correlation in three different connotations respectively, and constructed the following three innovation indexes: IRR (inflammatory related ratio), ARR (anemia related ratio), CRR (coagulation related ratio). Specific formula was as follow: IRR= (NE*MONO)/(LY*EO); ARR= (HGB*MCHC)/RDW-CV; CRR=PLT/PDW. Finally, we obtained IRR, ARR and CRR as potential indexes with cutoff values of 8.91, 3204.13 and 27.22 respectively in ROC curve draw. It is noteworthy that the association between ARR and poor prognosis is reversed, thus 282,233,125 cases with abnormal scores and 419,468,576 cases with normal scores were confirmed. In a similar way, we also calculated the cutoff value of NLR, PLR, LMR (2.24, 129.25, 3.66) to obtained the 305, 371, 244 abnormal cases and 396,330,457 normal cases. Surprisingly, IRR was better than all other indexes in terms of prognosis of DFS and OS; ARR was more effective than NLR and PLR in DFS prognosis assessment, and also exceeded the three comparative indexes in OS correlation; Although CRR AUC area was greater than 0.5, it did not show strong indications for poor prognosis. (Figure 3)

 Figure 3 

Divide CRCs into the abnormal and normal group using the cutoff value of IRR, ARR, CRR, NLR, PLR and LMR: A. Prognosis survival ROC curve of indexes. B. Distribution of different biochemical indexes.

IRR/ARR/CRR can effectively evaluate the risk of CRC prognosis

Through calculating Kaplan‑Meier survival analysis, we found that abnormal conditions of IRR, ARR, CRR and NLR, PLR, LMR all could reflect shorter survival time (P<0.001). The mean DFS and OS time of CRCs with these indexes in the normal range was much longer than that in patients with abnormal level. (Figure 4, Table S3) We analyzed the logistic regression analysis between new indexes and TNM stage, infiltration, adhesion, DFS, OS for the CRCs with different level scores of six indexes. According to the results, all six indexes were related to TNM stage, infiltration, adhesion, DFS and OS, which clarified the adjustment variables for COX analysis. (Table 3) The multivariate COX proportional hazard analysis was used to evaluate the effectiveness of indexes adjusted for age, gender, TNM stage, infiltration and adhesion. The results showed that all six indexes were statistically significant in relation to the prognosis of DFS and OS. (Table 4)

Verification of the validity of the new indexes in the test set

Finally, we validated the prognostic risk factor role of IRR, ARR and CRR with the test set of 256 CRCs. According to the statistics, a total of 154, 171, 212 and 102, 85 and 44 CRCs were included in normal and abnormal groups according to the cut-off critical value obtained in the previous study. Kaplan‑Meier survival analysis results showed that normal CRCs with IRR, ARR and CRR had a longer postoperative DFS and OS time than the abnormal group. (Figure 5, Table S4) The multivariate COX proportional hazard analyses adjusted for age, gender, TNM stage, infiltration and adhesion proven that all three indexes were valid prognostic risk predictors for CRCs, which were consistent with those of the training set. (Table S5)

 Figure 4 

Kaplan‑Meier survival analysis curve of indexes: A. DFS and OS survival for IRR, ARR and CRR. B. DFS and OS survival for NLR, PLR and LMR.

Discussion

At present, the main treatment for CRC has developed into a comprehensive treatment based on surgical intervention. Patients with CRC must receive BRT as one of the basic peripheral blood tests before surgery. Doctors assess the patient's health and surgical risk based on blood readings of infection, anemia and coagulation. The new indexes derived from the indicators of peripheral blood can comprehensively consider multiple factors and more completely evaluate the abnormalities of a certain aspect of human body, among which the most widely discussed indexes for CRC are NLR, PLR and LMR^[20-22]. In this retrospective study, multiple peripheral blood indicators could independently indicate the risk of CRC prognosis. On this basis, we further classified the indicators according to infection-related, anemia-related and coagulation-related, selected appropriate positive and negative correlation factors for ratio. Finally, innovative IRR, ARR and CRR indexes were successfully designed and verified to indicate CRC prognostic risk effectively. The ROC curve calculated the AUC area to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the indexes, and the results were surprisingly suggested that IRR was the most sensitive and specific one in risk assessment of DFS and OS; Abnormal ARR also performed better in relation to poor prognosis of OS than NLR, PLR and LMR, while the role of CRR was not satisfactory. KM and COX analysis after the cutoff value was used to distinguish CRC patients into normal group and abnormal group suggested that: abnormalities of three indexes all could indicate poor prognostic outcomes. Since we selected positive/ negative indicators with the largest AUC area for the ratio optimal prognostic sensitivity and specificity and drew up new indexes from three different perspectives, the role of IRR, ARR and CRR in poor prognosis screening was more convincing and explanatory. Therefore, we suggest that these three innovative indexes had potential to be new CRC prognostic criteria.

 Figure 5 

Survival analysis of IRR, ARR and CRR in test set: A. Distribution of three indexes in test set. B. DFS and OS Kaplan‑Meier survival analysis for three indexes.

CRC patients are often accompanied by a low level of systemic inflammatory response, including an increased proinflammatory cytokines and acute phase proteins entering the circulation, which ultimately leads to systemic malignant tumor wasting cachexia in various aspects^[23]. Numerous articles had analyzed the relationship between inflammatory cytokines and the CRC progression and prognosis. Although the specific mechanism of action is still controversial, but it becomes a consensus among many researchers that the inflammatory response that accompanies cancers can induce and promote tumor progression^[24-26]. It is now widely accepted that: Many tumor-promoting effects of "smouldering" inflammation in the tumor microenvironment play the carcinogenic role through external pathways (inflammatory environment that increases the risk of cancer) or internal pathways (genetic changes), which ultimately affect the proliferation and survival of malignant cells, promote angiogenesis and metastasis, destroy adaptive immune response, and change the response to hormones and chemotherapy drugs^[27]. NE is mediated to accumulate around the tumors by CXC inflammatory chemokines secreted by cancer cells^{[28, 29]}. At first, NE was considered as an anti-tumor defense factor of the immune system, but according to more and more experimental evidence, NE could be polarized into phenotypes with different functions. Tumor associated neutrophils (TANs) promote tumor growth, invasion and metastasis by releasing multiple immune regulatory and angiogenic factors including vascular growth factor (VEGF), interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)^[30-32]. Recently there were some research suggested that neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) involved in promoting cancer cell migration through the trap circulating tumoral cells^[33]. Similarly, MONO could be differentiated into tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) in the tumor microenvironment, and recruit to tumors through many biological molecules^[34-36]. Duo to the TAMs, expression of growth factors, matrix proteases, promotion of angiogenesis and suppression of adaptive immunity were adopted to promote tumor function^[37]. Based on the current understanding of the pro-cancer mechanism about tumor inflammatory microenvironment, relevant research projected that anti-inflammatory drugs represented by NSAID could effectively inhibit the progress of colorectal cancer were being widely carried out and had obtained strong support from cell and molecular experiments^[38-40]. On the other hand, antitumor immune activity depends mainly on the defense barrier of lymphocytes. CD4+T and CD8+T cells assume tumor immunity through induction of perforin and Granzyme B secretion, activation of NK cells and direct killing. Low levels of lymphocytes often indicate tumor immunosuppression^{[41, 42]}. NLR and LMR are the most widely studied indicators of inflammatory response in the body, which comprehensively reflects the changes of inflammatory state when the body's anti-tumor immune balance is broken and eventually evolves into tumor progression. Compared with the evaluation of individual indicators, NLR and LMR can evaluate the imbalance of the tumor-immune system in CRCs more comprehensively. EO, a kind of inflammatory mature white blood cells, was concerned in allergic, blood and autoimmune diseases^{[43, 44]}. In the previous concept, the content of EO in peripheral blood was small and unstable, so its value in study of cancers was ignored. As an important part of the immune response, following activation of EO release a variety of inflammatory factors that promote the progression of inflammation and cause tissue damage^[45]. We found that EO was also a very good independent prognostic factor, so when designing IRR, we added EO into the formula and obtained a more accurate IRR index rationally. Then we concluded that in future CRC-related inflammation studies, more attention should be paid to this group of classic inflammatory factors with low content in peripheral blood but not negligible.

Preoperative anemia is common in various cancers. Patients with CRC, commonly due to iron-deficiency, have more significant preoperative anemia, which is a high-risk factor for poor prognosis^[46]. CRC tumors can directly affect the absorption function of digestive tract. Moreover, intestinal obstruction and/or chronic colorectal bleeding caused by cancer progression are often closely related to the serious decline of patients' physical state. At the same time, chronic inflammatory is also a pathogenesis for normocytic anemia and microcytic anemia in CRC^{[47, 48]}. The current medical challenge is that immunosuppression caused by red blood cell transfusion could induce tumor recurrence^{[49, 50]}. In present study, HGB and MCHC in peripheral blood of CRCs were low, indicating significant anemia, accompanied by abnormally high RDW-CV. The closely related MCV, MCH and MCHC reflect the anemia degree from the volume and deformation of red cell ^[51]. MCHC is calculated according to MCH and MCV results (MCHC=MCH/MCV), and showed the optimal sensitivity and specificity with CRC prognostic risk, so we selected MCHC to be included in our ARR formula. Kato et al reported that^[52], MCV was an independent predictor irrespective of the location of the tumor, whereas anemia symptom was not an independent predictor. Other studies suggest otherwise^[46], lower MCV was associated with advanced T stage and proximal tumor location, while HGB in patients with tumors in proximal colon was significantly lower relative to distal colon and rectum. However, Wilson's meta-analysis pointed out that long-term reduction of OS and DFS was significantly correlated with preoperative anemia in rectal cancers, but not in colon cancers^[53]. Our study supported the view that indicators including HGB, MCV, and MCHC were worse in colon cancers. Previous reports, including ours, had highlighted the adverse prognostic warning of CRC at excessive RDW-CV level^{[17, 54]}. Based on the previous conclusions, the results of this study again utilized and expanded the significance of high RDW-CV in peripheral blood of CRC.

CRC studies with PLT, PDW, MPV and other platelet-related indicators as the study objects had emerged one after another in recent years^{[10, 55]}. Platelets not only produce the blood clotting cascade, but also regulate inflammatory response and cancer pathogenesis. Activating platelets can promote tumor growth, angiogenesis and invasion^[56]. Published findings supported that PLT changes in CRC were based on systemic inflammation, but were inconclusive as a risk factor for prognosis and survival^{[57, 58]}. PLR is a relatively concerned PLT-related index, which was believed to be associated with the prognosis of CRC by some scholars^{[59, 60]}. The significance of PDW prognostic risk factors varied among different cancers: In breast cancer elevated PDW was considered a marker of poor prognosis^[61]; Reduced PDW was an unfavorable predictive factor in non-small cell lung cancers and gastric cancers^{[62, 63]}. The role of PDW in CRC was rarely studied. Our study found that PDW, as a protective factor, was inversely correlated with the progression of CRC. That was, increased PDW indicated a good prognosis, while decreased PDW indicated poor DFS and OS. We developed CRR indexes using PLT and PDW, which could effectively indicate the prognosis risk of CRC. But the risk assessment significance of CRR was the worst of the six indexes discussed in our study. We recommend it as a supplementary evaluation index. Nevertheless, we emphasize again that the change in PDW in CRC progression deserves noting and further study.

At the same time, in our study, the characteristics of invasive growth, serous membrane and adhesion of CRC were associated with abnormalities of many indicators. The severe local inflammatory changes caused by these high-risk factors could explain the reasons for the different levels of peripheral blood indicators and also support the currently recognized pro-cancer mechanism of inflammatory-cancers.

In recent years, studies on comprehensive indicators of CRC patients' peripheral blood had attracted more and more attention. Relevant research contents were more detailed, or applied to clinical antitumor therapy^{[22, 64]}. Chen et al. discussed the relationship between NLR and LMR in patients with obstructive colorectal cancer (OCC) who received emergency surgery or self-expandable metal stents (SEMS), and concluded that OCC patients with low LMR might be preferred for SEMS insertion as a bridge to surgery^[65]. In terms of chemotherapy, studies had suggested that low NLR patients treated with bevacizumab and low PLR patients treated with anti-EGFR had better prognosis and NLR was a prognostic biomarker for CRC patients receiving TAS- 102 treatment^{[66, 67]}. In our study, three new comprehensive indexes of peripheral blood (IRR, ARR, CRR) were obtained by using novel calculation design. They had good prognostic evaluation efficiency and could also reflect the changes of general states of CRCs from different aspects. We hoped that these indexes, especially IRR, can be applied to more in-depth and detailed CRC studies for validation in the future work.

Conclusion

In this study, appropriate indicators were selected from the BRT results of CRC patients to design IRR, ARR and CRR, three CRC prognostic risk indexes related to infection, anemia and coagulation in peripheral blood. All of them had satisfactory prognostic risk warning ability for DFS and OS, among which IRR was the most effective and better than NLR, PLR and LMR. Abnormalities in these indexes might be due to local inflammatory responses, immunosuppression, and associated anemia and platelet problems. It could be concluded that these three indexes, represented by IRR, could be used as CRC prognostic risk indicators with the advantages of simple, effective, low-cost and repeatable.

Abbreviations

CRC: Colorectal Cancer; BRT: Blood Routine Test; NLR: Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio; PLR: Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio; LMR: Lymphocyte-to-Monocyte ratio; WBC: Signeta-Ring Cell Carcinoma; WBC: White Blood Cell; LY: Lymphocyte; NE: Neutrophil; MONO: Monocyte; EO: Eosinophilic Granulocyte; BASO: Basophilic Granulocyte; RBC: Red Blood Cell; HGB: Hemoglobin; HCT: Hematocrit; MCV: Mean Corpuscular Volume; MCH: Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin; MCHC: Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration; RDW-CV: Red Cell Distribution Width-CV; RDW-SD: Red Cell Distribution Width-SD; PLT: Platelets; PDW: Platelet Distribution Width; P-LCR: Platelet-Larger Cell Ratio; PCT: Platelet Cell Thrombocytocrit; MPV: Mean Platelet Volume; IRR: Inflammatory Related Ratio; ARR: Anemia Related Ratio; CRR: Coagulation Related Ratio; TANs: Tumor Associated Neutrophils; TAMs: tumor associated macrophages.

Supplementary Material

Supplementary tables.

Acknowledgements

We gratefully appreciate the coordination and contributions of doctors and nurses in the Department of Anorectal Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University. We also thank the pathologists of the second tumor institute of the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University for their meticulous work. At the same time, we want to express our best wishes for the health of our patients.

Funding

The present study was supported in part by a grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NO. 81872905) and Science and Technology Plan Project of Liaoning Province (NO. 2013225585).

Author Contributions

Y.L presided over the overall research idea of this study, participated in or supervised literature retrieval, research design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, and wrote manuscripts. H.W, T.L, C.X participated in the research design and provided key modifications. F.Z and X.H conduct data collection, analysis. Y.P and Z.L were responsible for graphic design and drawing. All authors read and approve the final manuscript and agree to be responsible for all aspects of the research to ensure the accuracy or completeness of any part of the work properly investigated and resolved.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used during the present study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interest exists.

References

1. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Fedewa SA. et al. Colorectal cancer statistics, 2017. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians. 2017;67(3):177-93

2. Ahmed Farag AF, Elbarmelgi MY, Azim HA. et al. TNMF versus TNM in staging of colorectal cancer. Int J Surg. 2016;27:147-50

3. Lea D, Haland S, Hagland HR. et al. Accuracy of TNM staging in colorectal cancer: a review of current culprits, the modern role of morphology and stepping-stones for improvements in the molecular era. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2014;49(10):1153-63

4. Dwyer AJ, Murphy CC, Boland CR. et al. A Summary of the Fight Colorectal Cancer Working Meeting: Exploring Risk Factors and Etiology of Sporadic Early-Age Onset Colorectal Cancer. Gastroenterology. 2019;157(2):280-8

5. Taieb J, Jung A, Sartore-Bianchi A. et al. The Evolving Biomarker Landscape for Treatment Selection in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. Drugs. 2019;79(13):1375-94

6. Thanikachalam K, Khan G. Colorectal Cancer and Nutrition. Nutrients. 2019;11(1):164

7. Drees M, Kanapathippillai N, Zubrow MT. Bandemia with normal white blood cell counts associated with infection. Am J Med. 2012;125(11):1124 e9- e15

8. Cai J, Wu M, Ren J. et al. Evaluation of the Efficiency of the Reticulocyte Hemoglobin Content on Diagnosis for Iron Deficiency Anemia in Chinese Adults. Nutrients. 2017;9(5):450

9. Mitrugno A, Tassi Yunga S, Sylman JL. et al. The role of coagulation and platelets in colon cancer-associated thrombosis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2019;316(2):C264-C73

10. Qian W, Ge XX, Wu J. et al. Prognostic evaluation of resectable colorectal cancer using platelet-associated indicators. Oncol Lett. 2019;18(1):571-80

11. Han F, Liu Y, Cheng S. et al. Diagnosis and survival values of neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and red blood cell distribution width (RDW) in esophageal cancer. Clin Chim Acta. 2019;488:150-8

12. Sulibhavi A, Asokan S, Miller MI. et al. Peripheral blood lymphocytes and platelets are prognostic in surgical pT1 non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg. 2019;109(2):337-42

13. Bardash Y, Olson C, Herman W. et al. Platelet-Lymphocyte Ratio as a Predictor of Prognosis in Head and Neck Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Oncol Res Treat. 2019;42(12):665-77

14. Okugawa Y, Toiyama Y, Yamamoto A. et al. Lymphocyte-C-reactive Protein Ratio as Promising New Marker for Predicting Surgical and Oncological Outcomes in Colorectal Cancer. Ann Surg. 2019 https://doi.org/10.1097/sla.0000000000003239

15. Stojkovic Lalosevic M, Pavlovic Markovic A, Stankovic S. et al. Combined Diagnostic Efficacy of Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR), Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (PLR), and Mean Platelet Volume (MPV) as Biomarkers of Systemic Inflammation in the Diagnosis of Colorectal Cancer. Dis Markers. 2019;2019:6036979

16. Ying HQ, Deng QW, He BS. et al. The prognostic value of preoperative NLR, d-NLR, PLR and LMR for predicting clinical outcome in surgical colorectal cancer patients. Med Oncol. 2014;31(12):305

17. Li Y, Xing C, Wei M. et al. Combining Red Blood Cell Distribution Width (RDW-CV) and CEA Predict Poor Prognosis for Survival Outcomes in Colorectal Cancer. J Cancer. 2019;10(5):1162-70

18. Benson AB, Venook AP, Al-Hawary MM. et al. NCCN Guidelines Insights: Colon Cancer, Version 2.2018. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2018;16(4):359-69

19. Weiser MR. AJCC 8th Edition: Colorectal Cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2018;25(6):1454-5

20. Akgul O, Cetinkaya E, Yalaza M. et al. Prognostic efficacy of inflammation-based markers in patients with curative colorectal cancer resection. World J Gastrointest Oncol. 2017;9(7):300-7

21. Lu Y, Xin D, Wang F. Predictive Significance Of Preoperative Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index Determination In Postoperative Liver Metastasis Of Colorectal Cancer. Onco Targets Ther. 2019;12:7791-9

22. Cruz-Ramos M, Del Puerto-Nevado L, Zheng B. et al. Prognostic significance of neutrophil-to lymphocyte ratio and platelet-to lymphocyte ratio in older patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. J Geriatr Oncol. 2019;10(5):742-8

23. Tuomisto AE, Makinen MJ, Vayrynen JP. Systemic inflammation in colorectal cancer: Underlying factors, effects, and prognostic significance. World J Gastroenterol. 2019;25(31):4383-404

24. Kim IH, Lee JE, Yang JH. et al. Clinical significance of changes in systemic inflammatory markers and carcinoembryonic antigen levels in predicting metastatic colorectal cancer prognosis and chemotherapy response. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol. 2018;14(3):239-46

25. Olsen RS, Nijm J, Andersson RE. et al. Circulating inflammatory factors associated with worse long-term prognosis in colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol. 2017;23(34):6212-9

26. Passardi A, Scarpi E, Cavanna L. et al. Inflammatory indexes as predictors of prognosis and bevacizumab efficacy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Oncotarget. 2016;7(22):33210-9

27. Mantovani A, Allavena P, Sica A. et al. Cancer-related inflammation. Nature. 2008;454(7203):436-44

28. Mantovani A, Cassatella MA, Costantini C. et al. Neutrophils in the activation and regulation of innate and adaptive immunity. Nat Rev Immunol. 2011;11(8):519-31

29. Gijsbers K, Gouwy M, Struyf S. et al. GCP-2/CXCL6 synergizes with other endothelial cell-derived chemokines in neutrophil mobilization and is associated with angiogenesis in gastrointestinal tumors. Exp Cell Res. 2005;303(2):331-42

30. Fridlender ZG, Sun J, Kim S. et al. Polarization of tumor-associated neutrophil phenotype by TGF-beta: "N1" versus "N2" TAN. Cancer Cell. 2009;16(3):183-94

31. Tecchio C, Cassatella MA. Neutrophil-derived cytokines involved in physiological and pathological angiogenesis. Chem Immunol Allergy. 2014;99:123-37

32. Grivennikov SI, Greten FR, Karin M. Immunity, inflammation, and cancer. Cell. 2010;140(6):883-99

33. Cools-Lartigue J, Spicer J, McDonald B. et al. Neutrophil extracellular traps sequester circulating tumor cells and promote metastasis. J Clin Invest. 2013;123(8):3446-58

34. Pinto ML, Rios E, Duraes C. et al. The Two Faces of Tumor-Associated Macrophages and Their Clinical Significance in Colorectal Cancer. Front Immunol. 2019;10:1875

35. Allavena P, Sica A, Solinas G. et al. The inflammatory micro-environment in tumor progression: the role of tumor-associated macrophages. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2008;66(1):1-9

36. Watanabe H, Miki C, Okugawa Y. et al. Decreased expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 predicts poor prognosis following curative resection of colorectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum. 2008;51(12):1800-5

37. Mantovani A, Schioppa T, Porta C. et al. Role of tumor-associated macrophages in tumor progression and invasion. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2006;25(3):315-22

38. Barry EL, Fedirko V, Baron JA. NSAIDs and Colorectal Cancer Phenotypes: What Now?. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2019;111(5):440-1

39. Mayor S. Long term NSAIDs are associated with lower colorectal cancer risk, study shows. BMJ. 2015;351:h4599

40. Vaish V, Piplani H, Rana C. et al. NSAIDs may regulate EGR-1-mediated induction of reactive oxygen species and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced gene (NAG)-1 to initiate intrinsic pathway of apoptosis for the chemoprevention of colorectal cancer. Mol Cell Biochem. 2013;378(1-2):47-64

41. Nozoe T, Maehara Y, Sugimachi K. Preoperative sorting of circulating T lymphocytes in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: its prognostic significance. World J Gastroenterol. 2005;11(42):6689-93

42. Kloor M. Lymphocyte infiltration and prognosis in colorectal cancer. Lancet Oncol. 2009;10(9):840-1

43. Hilvering B, Vijverberg SJH, Jansen J. et al. Diagnosing eosinophilic asthma using a multivariate prediction model based on blood granulocyte responsiveness. Allergy. 2017;72(8):1202-11

44. Rothenberg ME. Eosinophilia. N Engl J Med. 1998;338(22):1592-600

45. Lacy P, Moqbel R. Eosinophil cytokines. Chem Immunol. 2000;76:134-55

46. Vayrynen JP, Tuomisto A, Vayrynen SA. et al. Preoperative anemia in colorectal cancer: relationships with tumor characteristics, systemic inflammation, and survival. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):1126

47. Moreno Chulilla JA, Romero Colas MS, Gutierrez Martin M. Classification of anemia for gastroenterologists. World J Gastroenterol. 2009;15(37):4627-37

48. McSorley ST, Johnstone M, Steele CW. et al. Normocytic anaemia is associated with systemic inflammation and poorer survival in patients with colorectal cancer treated with curative intent. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2019;34(3):401-8

49. Kwon HY, Kim BR, Kim YW. Association of preoperative anemia and perioperative allogenic red blood cell transfusion with oncologic outcomes in patients with nonmetastatic colorectal cancer. Curr Oncol. 2019;26(3):e357-e66

50. Ristescu I, Pintilie G, Filip D. et al. Perioperative Anemia and Transfusion in Colorectal Cancer Patients. Chirurgia (Bucur). 2019;114(2):234-42

51. von Tempelhoff GF, Schelkunov O, Demirhan A. et al. Correlation between blood rheological properties and red blood cell indices(MCH, MCV, MCHC) in healthy women. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc. 2016;62(1):45-54

52. Kato M, Kubosawa Y, Hiarai Y. et al. Usefulness of Mean Corpuscular Volume for Detection of Advanced Colorectal Cancer in Patients Older than 85 Years. Digestion. 2018;97(2):177-82

53. Wilson MJ, van Haaren M, Harlaar JJ. et al. Long-term prognostic value of preoperative anemia in patients with colorectal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Surg Oncol. 2017;26(1):96-104

54. Shi C, Xie M, Li L. et al. The association and diagnostic value of red blood cell distribution width in colorectal cancer. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019;98(19):e15560

55. Wu YY, Zhang X, Qin YY. et al. Mean platelet volume/platelet count ratio in colorectal cancer: a retrospective clinical study. BMC Cancer. 2019;19(1):314

56. Takeuchi H, Abe M, Takumi Y. et al. The prognostic impact of the platelet distribution width-to-platelet count ratio in patients with breast cancer. PLoS One. 2017;12(12):e0189166

57. Vayrynen JP, Vayrynen SA, Sirnio P. et al. Platelet count, aspirin use, and characteristics of host inflammatory responses in colorectal cancer. J Transl Med. 2019;17(1):199

58. Lin MS, Huang JX, Zhu J. et al. Elevation of platelet count in patients with colorectal cancer predicts tendency to metastases and poor prognosis. Hepatogastroenterology. 2012;59(118):1687-90

59. Peng HX, Lin K, He BS. et al. Platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio could be a promising prognostic biomarker for survival of colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. FEBS Open Bio. 2016;6(7):742-50

60. Azab B, Mohammad F, Shah N. et al. The value of the pretreatment neutrophil lymphocyte ratio vs. platelet lymphocyte ratio in predicting the long-term survival in colorectal cancer. Cancer Biomark. 2014;14(5):303-12

61. Huang Y, Cui MM, Huang YX. et al. Preoperative platelet distribution width predicts breast cancer survival. Cancer Biomark. 2018;23(2):205-11

62. Cui MM, Li N, Liu X. et al. Platelet distribution width correlates with prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):3456

63. Zhang X, Cui MM, Fu S. et al. Platelet distribution width correlates with prognosis of gastric cancer. Oncotarget. 2017;8(12):20213-9

64. Hayama T, Hashiguchi Y, Okada Y. et al. Significance of the 7th postoperative day neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in colorectal cancer. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2020;35(1):119-24

65. Chen XQ, Xue CR, Hou P. et al. Lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio effectively predicts survival outcome of patients with obstructive colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol. 2019;25(33):4970-84

66. Dogan E, Bozkurt O, Sakalar T. et al. Impact of neutrophil-lymphocyte and platelet-lymphocyte ratio on antiEGFR and bevacizumab efficacy in metastatic colorectal cancer. J BUON. 2019;24(5):1861-9

67. Matsuda A, Yamada T, Matsumoto S. et al. Pretreatment Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio Predicts Survival After TAS-102 Treatment of Patients With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. Anticancer Res. 2019;39(8):4343-50

Author contact

Corresponding author: Tingting Lu, Department of Anorectal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China. Tel: +86-13898895882; E-mail: 514368682com

Received 2019-11-24
Accepted 2020-3-27
Published 2020-4-6

Citation styles

©2024 Ivyspring International Publisher. Terms of use