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J Cancer 2021; 12(5):1334-1342. doi:10.7150/jca.49663 This issue Cite

Research Paper

Iodine-125 Seeds Combined With Biliary Stent Placement Versus Stent Placement Alone For Unresectable Malignant Biliary Obstruction: A Meta-Analysis Of Randomized Controlled Trials

Yucheng Xiang^1,2, Sinan Lu^1,2, Yufeng Li^1,2, Zhenghao Liu^1,2, Weilin Wang^1,2,3,4

1. Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009.
2. Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009.
3. Clinical Medicine Innovation Center of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Disease of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009.
4. Clinical Research Center of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009.

✉ Corresponding author: Weilin Wang, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China, 310009.

Abstract

Background and Aims: Malignant biliary obstruction is always caused by tumors which are unresectable so that palliative stent placement is conducted for drainage of bile duct tree. Recently, irradiation stent with ¹²⁵I seeds has been used to improve the stent patency and survival time of patients. We conducted this meta-analysis to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy and safety of biliary stent placement with ¹²⁵I seeds compared with stent placement alone in patients with malignant biliary obstruction.

Methods: We searched Pubmed, Web of Science, ClinicalTrials.gov, Cochrane Library, Embase and CNKI databases for all relevant studies up to 1 May 2020. Patient survival, stent patency, and adverse events were the primary outcome measured. Also, Review Manager 5.3 and Stata/SE15.0 were used to perform the analysis.

Results: Eleven randomized controlled trials with a total of 767 patients were included for meta-analysis. Stent combined with ¹²⁵I seeds showed lower risk of stent occlusion at 3 month (Odds Ratios(OR) = 0.15; 95%CI: 0.05-0.49, P =0.002), 6 month (OR = 0.18; 95%CI: 0.08-0.44, P = 0.0001), 9 month (OR = 0.10; 95%CI: 0.05-0.20, P < 0.00001) and 1 year (OR = 0.15; 95%CI: 0.07-0.31, P < 0.00001) and better mean survival (MD = 125days; 95% CI 91-159 days; P < 0.00001) compared with stent placement alone. Also, reconstructed Kaplan-Meier data demonstrated improved survival in patients treated with stent plus ¹²⁵I seeds (hazard ratio(HR)= 1.886; 95% CI: 1.609 to 2.210; P < 0.0001) Moreover, our analysis did not show significant difference between the two groups about the risk of adverse events including abdominal pain, hemobilia, pancreatitis, cholangitis and cholecystitis.

Conclusion: ¹²⁵I seeds combined with stent demonstrated superior stent patency and improved survival time compared to stent alone with acceptable complications.

Keywords: malignant biliary obstruction, ¹²⁵I seed, biliary stent, stent patency, survival.

Introduction

Malignant biliary obstruction (MBO), which means stenosis and blockage of extrahepatic or intrahepatic bile ducts, is generally caused by various cancers including cholangiocarcinoma, pancreatic cancer, gallbladder cancer and cancer metastasis [1]. Due to the fact that its clinical performance is silent and unobvious, MBO is always diagnosed at an advanced stage when painless obstructive jaundice occurs. As a result, only 10%-20% of patients are resectable [2, 3]. Therefore, palliative therapy with stent implantation has been widely accepted and used for several decades. Clinically, covered or uncovered self-expanding metal stents(SEMSs) and plastic stents have been used via Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangiography (PTC) or ERCP (Endoscopic retrograde Cholangiopancreatography) and the patency time of SEMSs is better than plastic stents about 3-4 months[4]. In addition, covered SEMS is superior to uncovered SEMS in terms of stent patency but it may influence the drainage of bile, causing some other complications and it may increase the rate of stent migration [5-8]. However, stent itself has no therapeutic effect on tumors, which always grow into the lumen through the stent mesh, resulting in occlusion of the stent. In addition, epithelial hyperplasia, biofilm deposition, biliary sludge, and formation of granulation tissue may cause stent occlusion as well [9, 10]. So, maybe stent placement alone was not enough for patients with MBO, and stent placement combined with inner or outside radiotherapy maybe a promising treatment option. Sofi et al. [11] showed that Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA)plus stent placement was superior to stent placement alone with regard to stent patency and overall survival of patients with malignant biliary obstruction. Guo et al. [12]were the first to use ¹²⁵I seeds with SEMS to treat advanced esophageal cancer and they showed that patients had better swallowing function and improved median survival compared with patients who received stent placement alone. Iodine-125(¹²⁵I) seeds as a persistent radiation material can directly cause damage of the DNA double helix to inhibit the replication of tumor cells and induce apoptosis [13]. Furthermore, implantation of ¹²⁵I seeds may cause CD3⁺ and CD4⁺ cell activation and trigger antitumor immune responses[14]. Actually, previous meta-analysis [15] has compared ¹²⁵I seeds plus stent placement with stent placement alone, but it only included five RCTs and seven nonrandomized trials, which may make it not evident enough. Moreover, significant heterogeneity of mean survival was found and no further possible reasons or influential factors were analyzed. Recently, several RCTs [16-26] about the use of ¹²⁵I seeds with stent were conducted. So, we made this meta-analysis to further compare the efficacy and safety of ¹²⁵I seeds with biliary SEMS placement versus SEMS placement alone in patients with malignant biliary obstruction.

Materials and Methods

Search strategy and study selection

Two reviewers (Y.X. and S.L.) independently searched Pubmed, Pubmed Central( PMC), Web of Science, ClinicalTrials.gov, Cochrane Library, Embase and CNKI databases and there were no language or geographical limitations. Articles up to May 1,2020 were figured out by key words including irradiation OR radiation OR Iodine-125 AND malignant biliary obstruction OR malignant biliary stricture OR malignant bile duct obstruction OR malignant obstructive jaundice OR malignant extrahepatic biliary obstruction AND stent. Inclusion criteria included (1)it was a RCT for unresected malignant biliary obstruction (2) stent combined with ¹²⁵I seeds therapy was compared to stent monotherapy (3) at least one of the following was reported: survival time or rate; stent patency or stent occlusion rate. (4) full text of studies are available. (5) patients in studies did not receive other radiotherapy. Studies were excluded when information about the survival or stent patency in the patient groups was not provided. Meanwhile, non-randomized controlled trials, animal experiments, narrative reviews were excluded too.

Data extraction and Assessment of study quality

Data were extracted by 2 authors (Y.L and Z.L) respectively based on the characteristics of studies. Detailed information included (1) basic information, such as author's last name, year and type of publication, country; (2) patient characteristics and treatment information; and (3) efficacy outcomes and adverse events. Due to the fact that all the studies were RCTs, we used the Cochrane collaboration tool to determine the risk of bias, including six items: (1) sequence generation, (2) allocation concealment, (3) blinding, (4) incomplete outcome data, (5) no selective outcome reporting, and (6) other sources of bias. For each item, a low risk counts as a score of 1, with a total of 6 scores. Any disagreement was discussed with a third author(Y, X) and resolved with our consensus.

Statistical analysis

The primary end points were stent occlusion rates and overall survival time. Stent occlusion was dichotomous variables, so we extracted the number of events and total number of observed patients. Then, the odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Also, survival was continuous variables, the means and standard deviations of observed patients were extracted from the included studies. Then, the pooled estimate of the mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) was calculated. Finally, the OR or MD of each study was pooled using either a fixed-effects or random-effects model. Moreover, when important information was not clear enough, we used digital software Engauge Digitizer (version 12.0) to extract information in the coordinates of the Kaplan-Meier curves from each of the included graphs, the survival analysis data points were extracted simultaneously. All the extracted information was exported into Microsoft Excel 2019, and then was imported into software Graphpad Prism (version 8) to analyze survival data information to reconstruct Kaplan-Meier curves and to obtain the HR (Hazard Ratio), median and mean survival time, stent occlusion rate and P value. It was considered valuable when the difference was less than 5% between the original and the extracted information. P values < 0.05 was defined as significant. A p value for Cochrane's χ² <0.1 or I² > 50% was considered to have high heterogeneity. Random-effects models were used when the I² >50%; otherwise, fixed-effects models were used. Publication bias was assessed by Egger's test for asymmetry. The statistical analysis was performed using Stata (version 15) and RevMan 5.3 (Cochrane Collaboration, Oxford, U.K.).

Results

Study selection and characteristics of included studies

We strictly searched several databases for the articles based on the inclusion criteria, the number of articles was reduced from 1021 to 11 and all the included studies are RCTs (randomized controlled trials) with full text. The search process is shown in Figure 1. Within these eleven articles, a total of 767 patients were randomly distributed to either ¹²⁵I seeds plus stent combination therapy group (377 patients) or stent monotherapy group (390 patients). Meanwhile, among these studies, all the stent implantation was performed by Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangiography (PTC) rather than ERCP (Endoscopic retrograde Cholangiopancreatography). Technical success rate which means successful stent implantation and no shifts was almost 100%.

 Figure 1 

Flow program of the study enrollment process.

In addition, all the stents used in trials were ordinary metal stents like uncovered self-expandable metallic stents (USEMS) rather than plastic stents or covered self-expandable metallic stents. Moreover, seven studies [17-20, 24-26]used ¹²⁵I seed strands and other four studies [16, 21-23] used ¹²⁵I seed particles, which was analyzed in subgroup analysis. Detailed characteristics of studies were presented in Table 1, and basic characteristics of patients such as sex, age and etiology of malignant biliary obstruction were showed in Table 2. The Chi-square Test was conducted and all of the p value > 0.05, which means these characteristics between the two groups are well balanced.

Stent Occlusion

Stent occlusion between the ¹²⁵I seeds groups and control groups were measured based on different time points including 3-month [16, 20-24, 26], 6-month [16, 20-24, 26], 9-month [16, 20, 23, 24, 26] and 1-year [16, 17, 19-26]. Combination therapy with ¹²⁵I seeds demonstrated significant lower risk of stent occlusion at 3 month (OR = 0.15; 95%CI: 0.05-0.49, P =0.002), 6 month (OR = 0.18; 95%CI: 0.08-0.44, P = 0.0001), 9 month (OR = 0.10; 95%CI: 0.05-0.20, P < 0.00001) and 1 year (OR = 0.15; 95%CI: 0.07-0.31, P < 0.00001) (Figure 2). Low heterogeneity (I² =0%; P = 0.88) at 9-month stent occlusion and high heterogeneity at 3-month, 1-year stent occlusion were found (I² = 63%; P = 0.01, I² =64%; P = 0.01, I² =54%; P = 0.02 respectively) and we used random-effects models and fixed-effects models at the same time. Also, subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis were further conducted below to find possible reasons.

Survival

9 of 11 studies [16-18, 20-25] reported data on survival. The pooled MD was significant (MD = 125 days; 95% CI 91-159 days; P < 0.00001), suggesting that ¹²⁵I seeds groups significantly improved mean survival compared with control groups (Figure 3A). High heterogeneity (I² = 58%; P = 0.02) was found and we used random-effects models. Also, subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis were further conducted below to find possible causes. Moreover, the pooled overall survival from reconstructed Kaplan-Meier analyses demonstrated improved survival in patients receiving Iodine-125 seeds compared with patients undergoing biliary stent placement alone (hazard ratio, 1.886; 95% CI, 1.609 to 2.210; p<0.0001) as well (Figure 3B).

 Figure 2 

Comparison of 3-month (A), 6-month (B), 9-month(C) and 1-year (D) stent occlusion between ¹²⁵I seeds groups and control groups. M-H: mantel-haenszel estimates; CI: confidence interval; Stent Co: stent combination therapy; Stent Mo: stent monotherapy.

 Figure 3A 

Comparison of survival between ¹²⁵I seeds groups and control groups.

 Figure 3B 

Pooled Kaplan-Meier survival analysis of ¹²⁵I seeds groups and control groups.

Adverse events

All the complications from studies primarily included abdominal pain, cholecystitis, pancreatitis, cholangitis and hemobilia, abdominal pain was the most common complication, but it did not reach statistical significance between ¹²⁵I seeds + stent group and stent alone group (p=.68) and the same with the cholecystitis (p=.60), abdominal pain (p=.35), cholangitis(p=.91) and pancreatitis (P =.47) (Table 3).

Subgroup analysis and Sensitivity analysis

We made subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis to find the possible reasons for high heterogeneity and intend to analyze possible factors that may influence stent occlusion and survival. We separated studies based on the different types of ¹²⁵I seeds and seven studies [17-20, 24-26]used ¹²⁵I seed strand and other four studies [16, 21-23] used ¹²⁵I seed particles. Significant difference was found between ¹²⁵I seeds groups and control groups about 6-month, 9-month and 1-year stent occlusion regardless of ¹²⁵I seed strand or ¹²⁵I seed particles used, but ¹²⁵I seed strand groups showed no significant difference (p=0.07) about 3-month stent occlusion (Figure 4). Moreover, significant difference of survival between ¹²⁵I seeds groups and control groups was found either ¹²⁵I seed strand or ¹²⁵I seed particles used (Figure 5). As for heterogeneity, within 1-year stent occlusion, either ¹²⁵I seed strand group or ¹²⁵I seed particles group showed no high heterogeneity (I²=0%, I² =13% respectively), but the pooled result showed high heterogeneity (I² =54%), which demonstrated that different types of ¹²⁵I seeds may account for the high heterogeneity (Figure 4). However, the reason for high heterogeneity within 3-month, 6-month stent occlusion and survival were unclear, therefore, we conducted sensitivity analysis and we found Zhu et al[21] may account for the high heterogeneity that including this study or excluding it showed huge difference. When excluded the study by Zhu [21], I²changed from 63% to 40%, 64% to 51%, 54% to 0% and 58% to 38% respectively at 3-month, 6-month, 1-year stent occlusion and survival (Table 4). The possible reasons were analyzed in discussion.

 Figure 4 

Subgroup analysis of 3-month (A), 6-month (B), 9-month(C) and 1-year (D) stent occlusion between ¹²⁵I seeds groups and control groups.

 Figure 5 

Subgroup analysis of survival between ¹²⁵I seeds groups and control groups.

Quality assessment

All the eleven trials included were from China and described proper randomization, whereas several studies provided no details of patient allocation. Only one study was blinded.

Validity was assessed in detail (Figure 6), the score of the trials varies from 3-7.

 Figure 6 

Quality of the included studies.

 Figure 7 

Begg's funnel plot for publication bias

Publication bias

Funnel plots and Egger's regression test were applied (Figure 7). Symmetrical distribution of individual studies indicated no evident publication bias. Egger: (bias=0.17; p=0.869; 95% CI:-1.99-2.88).

Discussion

For patients with MBO who have unresectable tumors or who are unwilling to accept surgery, biliary stent placement is the preferred choice [27, 28]. However, stent occlusion of patients remains challenging clinical problems. This meta-analysis of eleven RCTs [16-26] provides relatively adequate evidence in favor of ¹²⁵I seeds combined with stent placement, which showed improved survival and lower risk of stent occlusion compared with stent placement alone. Moreover, ¹²⁵I seeds implantation is generally safe in the treatment of patients with malignant biliary obstruction.

¹²⁵I can emit 27.4-31.5 keV χ-rays and 35.5 keV γ-rays, with an effective radiation radius of 17-20 mm, initial dose of 7.7 cGy/h, and a radioactive half-life of 60 days and it can be kept within the tumor area to directly kill tumor cells and inhibit tumor growth into the mesh of the stent but with limited damage to surrounding normal tissues and adjacent organs and subsequently improved patients' liver function and performance status [29, 30]. Furthermore, implantation of ¹²⁵I may cause CD3⁺ and CD4⁺ cell activation, which may lead to antitumor immune responses [14]. That maybe the reason why ¹²⁵I seeds plus stent showed decreased rate of stent occlusion and superior survival.

Subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis

In our meta-analysis, seven studies used ¹²⁵I seed strands and other four studies used ¹²⁵I seed particles and we made subgroup analysis based on this difference. Although significant difference between ¹²⁵I seeds groups and control groups was found about 6-month, 9-month and 1-year stent occlusion and survival either ¹²⁵I seed strand or ¹²⁵I seed particles used, even ¹²⁵I seed strand groups showed no significant difference about 3-month stent occlusion, we speculated that ¹²⁵I seed strand maybe the better choice. Possible reasons maybe as follows. First, irradiation dose was the focus of ¹²⁵I seeds brachytherapy [31] and the minimum threshold for effective brachytherapy treatment of adenocarcinoma was 30 Gy, which has the capacity to kill tumor cells effectively [32]. ¹²⁵I seed strand was constructed by ¹²⁵I seeds linearly arranged which may cumulate higher irradiation dose than ¹²⁵I seed particles placed apart. Second, ¹²⁵I seed strand was more easily to place with lower risk of migration than ¹²⁵I seed particles technically because ¹²⁵I seed strand was sealed as a single object but ¹²⁵I seed particles had to be loaded on the stent one by one to form the irradiation stent. Third, ¹²⁵I seed strand was easily to withdraw if radiation-related complications occurred but ¹²⁵I seed particles could not. Last, economic payment should be considered that whether ¹²⁵I seed strand was cheaper than ¹²⁵I seed particles used clinically.

In addition, based on ¹²⁵I seeds plus stent placement, whether different etiology of malignant biliary obstruction such as cholangiocarcinoma, pancreatic cancer or hepatocellular carcinoma had effects on survival of patients, whether different types of stent influenced the stent patency, whether extrahepatic and intrahepatic biliary obstruction showed different therapeutic prognosis, whether ¹²⁵I seeds plus stent placement is superior to RFA combined with stent, ought to be analyzed. However, there was not enough information in the included studies and more studies should be conducted to figure out the precise and specialized treatment for patient with MBO.

Furthermore, we conducted sensitivity analysis and found that high heterogeneity of 3-month, 6-month and 1-year stent occlusion disappeared when the study by Zhu [21] was excluded. Possible reasons maybe as follows. First, number of patients in this study were large that almost occupied the half of the total number. Second, some patients who underwent stent occlusion received stent implantation again in this study. Third, some patients received chemotherapy after stent placement too.

Advantages and disadvantages

In our meta-analysis, we included eleven RCTs which provided relatively adequate evidence and we used digital software Engauge Digitizer to reconstruct Kaplan-Meier curves and obtain the HR, median and mean survival time as well. However, there were several disadvantages in our meta-analysis. First, high heterogeneity was found in 3-month, 6-month and 1-year stent occlusion and we performed subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis to find possible causes. Second, several included studies were of high quality that complied with the rules of RCT strictly but several studies did not abide by the rules strictly enough. Third, all the 11 studies were conducted in China, which may diminish the adequate representation of the current study. Last, sample size maybe not huge enough and included patients had various kinds of cancers which may hinder the applicability of this analysis.

In conclusion, ¹²⁵I seeds plus stent placement was significantly superior to stent placement alone with regard to stent patency and survival of patients. In addition, ¹²⁵I seeds implantation was a safe and tolerable procedure with comparable complications to stent placement alone. It may be a promising therapy for patients with malignant biliary obstruction and more well-designed randomized trials are necessary to further confirm these conclusions.

Abbreviations

MBO: malignant biliary obstruction; RCT: randomized controlled trial; ¹²⁵I: iodine-125; SEMS: self-expandable metal stent; PTC: percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography; ERCP: endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; OR: odds ratios; MD: mean difference; CI: confidence interval.

Author Contributions

Y.X. and W.W. conceived the idea. Y.X. and S.L. searched and included articles and wrote the manuscript text. Y.L. and Z.L. collected and analyzed the data. Y.X. and Y.L. reconciled disagreements. S.L. and Z.L. provided statistic support. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81572307 and 81773096) and the Major Project of Medical and Health Technology Development Program in Zhejiang Province (No. 7211902).

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interest exists.

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Author contact

Corresponding author: Weilin Wang, Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China, 310009.

Received 2020-6-18
Accepted 2020-12-3
Published 2021-1-1

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