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J Cancer 2015; 6(6):502-510. doi:10.7150/jca.11403 This issue Cite

Research Paper

Significant Prognostic Impact of Chemoradiotherapy-Induced Hemoglobin Decrease on Treatment Outcomes of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

Xue-Xia Liang^{1, 3†}, Qun Li^{1, 2 †}, Zhen Su^{1, 2†}, Xiao-Wen Lan^{1, 2}, Pu-Yun Ouyang^{1, 2}, Yan-Ping Mao^{1, 2}, Ding-Bo Shi¹, Wu-Guo Deng¹, Zhi-Bin Cheng³, Si-Yang Wang³, Fang-Yun Xie^{1, 2}

1. State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou 510060, China.
2. Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou 510060, China.
3. Department of Radiation Oncology, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 52 Meihua East Road, Zhuhai 519000, China.
† These authors contributed equally to this article.

✉ Corresponding author: Fang-yun Xie, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou 510060, China. Tel: +86-2087343484. E-mail: xiefyorg.cn

Abstract

Purpose: To investigate prognostic impact of chemoradiotherapy-induced hemoglobin (Hb) decrease on treatment outcomes of endemic nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).

Materials and Methods: Eight hundred and fifteen non-metastatic NPC, receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy (NACT+RT group) or concomitant chemoradiotherapy (CCRT group), were enrolled in this study, who were regrouped according to pre-radiotherapy Hb (pre-RT Hb), post-radiotherapy Hb (post-RT Hb) and individual Hb decrease through radiotherapy or CCRT (△Hb), respectively. Survival curves were estimated using Kaplan-Meier method and compared by log-rank test. Multivariate analysis was performed using the COX proportional hazard model and binary logistic regression model.

Results: A poorer 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) was observed when pre-RT Hb<130.00 g/L. However, post-RT Hb<130.00 g/L was associated with significantly poorer 5-year locoregional recurrence-free survival (LRFS) (P=0.010) and disease specific survival (DSS) (P=0.008). Multivariate analysis with the COX proportional hazard model identified post-RT Hb<130.00 g/L as an independent negative prognostic factor for both LRFS (hazard ratio [HR], 1.896; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.158-3.106; P=0.011) and DSS (HR, 1.767; 95% CI, 1.152-2.711; P=0.009). Similarly, △Hb <-15.00 g/L also predicted poorer 5-year LRFS (P=0.024) and DSS (P=0.015), which was confirmed in multivariate analysis as an independent adverse prognostic factor for LRFS (HR, 1.586; 95% CI, 1.058-2.377; P=0.026) and DSS (HR, 1.556; 95% CI, 1.087-2.227; P=0.016), respectively. Multivariate analysis with binary logistic regression model indicated that CCRT was a significantly independent predictor for post-RT Hb <130.00 g/L and △Hb < -15.00 g/L.

Conclusions: Chemoradiotherapy-induced decreased Hb levels have negative influence on locoregional control and survival, and might counteract the benefit of neoadjuvant/concomitant chemotherapy. Further studies on supportive care to maintain sufficient Hb level during chemo-radiotherapy are warranted.

Keywords: concomitant chemotherapy, hemoglobin decrease, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, prognostication, radiotherapy.

Introduction

Hypoxia induced radio-resistance has been acknowledged for decades [1-2]. Evidences for detrimental effect of tumor hypoxia on radiotherapy are obtained indirectly from the associations between tumor local control or survival and Hb levels [3-13]. Hb is an oxygen-carrying molecule which brings oxygen to terminal ends of microvessels, where tissue oxygen concentration is low, and exchanges oxygen with carbon dioxide (CO₂). Decreased Hb level worsens tumor oxygen deficiency, increases hypoxic cells and contributes to the development of radio-resistance and poor prognosis [14-15]. Low Hb level has been reported to be an adverse prognostic factor in radiotherapeutic management of various tumors (e.g., squamous cell cancer of head and neck (HNSCC) [3, 5 11, 13], cervical cancer [4, 12], non-small cell lung cancer [6], anal cancer [7], glioma [8], bladder cancer [9], esophageal cancer [10, 16], et al). In general, high Hb level was reported to be associated with better probability of tumor local control and survival, while decreased Hb level correlated with poorer prognosis [3-5, 7-11, 13, 16]. However, what these individual studies were not consistent with was that whether pre-RT Hb or mid-RT Hb or post-RT Hb or △Hb actually affected treatment outcomes of chemoradiotherapy and the optimum cut-off point of Hb for prognostication [3-13, 16].

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a unique type of cancer among head and neck malignancy, in terms of its highest prevalence in Guangdong Province of southern China, poor pathological differentiation, with most classified as undifferentiated non-keratinized carcinoma in endemic area, proven association with Epstein-Barr virus infection, strong propensity to metastasize to regional lymphatic and/or distant organs, and chemo-radiosensitivity [17]. Radiotherapy is the preferred management for NPC due to its sensitivity to irradiation and anatomical adjacency or invasion to critical cranial base structures which limits locoregional surgery. For locoregional advanced NPC (LA-NPC), chemo-radiotherapy is recommended as standard treatment [17]. However, locoregional relapse and distant metastasis are still the main failure patterns for LA-NPC even treated by combined therapy [17]. In chemoradiotherapy setting, marrow suppression, causing mild-to-moderate anemia, is more prevalent than in RT alone and results in decreased Hb level [18]. However, literatures on prognostic impact of Hb decrease for NPC in chemoradiotherapy setting are still rare. Herein, we report this study about the influence of pre-RT Hb, post-RT Hb, and △Hb on treatment outcomes for NPC receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by definitive radiotherapy (NACT+RT group) or concomitant chemoradiotherapy (CCRT group) both using cisplatin-based regimens.

Materials and Methods

Patient Enrollment and Pre-treatment Evaluation

This study was approved by the Clinical Ethics Review Board of Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center. Between January 2004 and December 2007, patients with newly diagnosed, nonmetastatic and histologically proven NPC, receiving NACT+RT or CCRT and having Hb tested before, during and after radiotherapy/CCRT in Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, were enrolled in this analysis. Routine pre-treatment evaluation included history, physical examination, optic fiber nasopharyngoscopy, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computerized tomography (CT) of nasopharynx and neck, chest radiograph, abdominal ultrasonography, bone scanning, a complete blood count and a biochemical profile. Enhanced CT scanning or positron emission tomography/computerized tomography (PET/CT), even biopsy when necessary, was done for the workup of potential distant metastasis. Restaging was done by revising pre-treatment evaluation according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system 2010 clinical classification (the seventh edition).

Treatment

According to treatment practice for LA-NPC during the study period in our center, neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT), administered for three cycles with an interval of three weeks, was as follow: cisplatin (80 mg/m² by intravenous drip [iv drip] on d₁) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) (3.75 g/m² by continuous intravenous infusion [civ] for 120 hours) [19]. Two hundred and seventy-five (75.1%) patients received three cycles of full-dose NACT, and 54 (14.8%) patients received three cycles of NACT with at least one cycle dose reduced by 20%. Thirty-seven (10.1%) patients quit the third cycle. The mean dose intensities were 23.3 mg/m²/week for cisplatin and 1.03 g/m²/week for 5-FU.

Concomitant chemotherapy was as follow: (1) cisplatin at a dose of 80 mg/m² by iv drip on weeks 1, 4 and/or 7 [20]; or (2) weekly cisplatin at a dose of 40 mg/m² by iv drip [21]. Weekly cisplatin was administered to 185 patients while 264 patients received cisplatin administered at an interval of three weeks. In the every three weeks group, 231 patients received two cycles without delay, and 12 patients received two cycles with more than a week delayed and 21 patients received three cycles. In the weekly group, 159 patients received more than five cycles and 12 patients received seven cycles. The mean dose intensities were 24.8 mg/m²/week and 29.1 mg/m²/week for the every three weeks group and the weekly group, respectively.

Definitive radiotherapy was performed utilizing high energy 6 MV X-ray produced by linear accelerators. Six hundred and fifty-eight (80.7%) patients received conventionally fractionated two-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (2D-CRT) with a dose of 2.0 Gy per fraction and total dose of 66-74 Gy. One hundred and forty-two (17.4%) patients and 15 (1.8%) patients were treated by intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT), respectively. Every patient was irradiated once a day from Monday to Friday every week. For NACT+RT group, radiotherapy was initiated three weeks after the last cycle of NACT. Details on implementing IMRT/3D-CRT and 2D-CRT in Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center were reported previously [20, 22].

Hb Measurement and Definition

Hb level and a complete blood count were measured before RT/CCRT, during RT/CCRT once a week, and at the last week before completing RT/CCRT. Blood sample was collected from veins of either upper limb under fasting status in the morning and tested within one hour. Reference scales of Hb levels were 140~180 g/L and 120~160 g/L for male and female, respectively. Pre-RT Hb denoted Hb level tested before RT/CCRT. Post-RT Hb denoted Hb level tested at the last week of RT/CCRT, and △Hb was defined as the Hb level equal to post-RT Hb minus pre-RT Hb.

Follow-up and Survivals Assessment

After completing chemoradiotherapy, patients were observed every three months during the first three years, and every six months during the fourth to fifth year, and once a year thereafter. Disease-specific survival (DSS), the primary endpoint in this study, was defined as the time from finishing radiotherapy to the date of death from cancer or when censored at the latest date if patients were still alive. Disease-free survival (DFS) was defined as the time from finishing radiotherapy to the date of the first-discovered tumor recurrence at any site or the latest date of a follow-up when censored. Locoregional recurrence-free survival (LRFS) and distant metastases-free survival (DMFS) were defined as the time from completing radiotherapy to the date of the first-discovered locoregional recurrence in irradiation fields and the first-discovered distant metastasis or the latest date of a follow-up when censored, respectively.

Statistical Analysis

SPSS software (version 13.0, SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA) was used to perform statistical analysis and two-tailed P values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. Pearson chi-square test of independence, as a univariate analysis, was used to analyze the associations between clinicopathological characteristics and Hb levels. Hb levels comparisons were performed using one-way ANOVA (analysis of variance) with LSD-t test. Life table method was employed to calculate cumulative survival rates. Univariate analysis for survivals was done using Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test, by which differences of estimated survival curves were also determined. Multivariate analysis was performed using the COX proportional hazards model to determine independent prognostic factors and to calculate hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence index (CI) as well. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to evaluate different cut-off points for Hb levels and identify an optimum cut-off point, according to which all patients, NACT+RT group, and CCRT group were further regrouped. Multivariate analysis using the binary logistic regression model was performed to identify the most relevant clinicopathological characteristics associated with decreased pre-RT Hb, post-RT Hb and △Hb, respectively.

Results

Patient characteristics

There were 815 patients eligible for evaluation, whose characteristics were summarized in Table 1, where the univariate analysis of associations between clinicopathological characteristics and Hb levels was also shown. The entire cohort had 616 (75.6%) men and 199 (24.4%) women, with a male-to-female ratio of 3.09:1. Pathologically, 96.7% (788/815) of the patients was diagnosed as undifferentiated or differentiated non-keratinized carcinoma, and two patients had adenocarcinoma. Median age of the entire cohort was 44.0 years (range, 13-80 years). Median follow-up was 60.7 months (range, 5.3-77.8 months).

Pre-RT Hb, post-RT Hb, △Hb and cut-off points of Hb levels

The averages and medians of pre-RT Hb were 136.98 g/L (standard deviation, SD: ±16.68 g/L) and 138.00 g/L (range, 88.00~183.00 g/L), 130.88 g/L (SD: ±15.62 g/L) and 131.00 g/L (range, 90.00 g/L~177.50 g/L), 143.39 g/L (SD: ±15.31 g/L) and 145.00 g/L (range, 88.00 g/L~183.00 g/L) for all patients, NACT+RT group and CCRT group, respectively. The averages and medians of post-RT Hb were 121.99 g/L (SD: ±16.32 g/L) and 121.00g/L (range, 78.00~171.00g/L), 128.36 g/L (SD: ±15.97 g/L) and 128.00 g/L (range, 79.00 g/L ~171.00 g/L), 116.90 g/L (SD: ±14.75 g/L) and 116.00 g/L (range, 78.00 g/L~166.00 g/L) for the 815 patients, NACT+RT group and CCRT group, respectively. The averages and medians of △Hb level were -15.00g/L (SD: ±14.93 g/L) and -14.00g/L (range, -59.90~36.00g/L), -9.03 g/L (SD: ±12.97 g/L) and -9.00 g/L (range, -59.00 g/L~36.00 g/L), -19.78 g/L (SD: ±14.68 g/L) and -19.00 g/L (range, -59.00 g/L~25.00 g/L) for all patients, NACT+RT group and CCRT group, respectively. Figure 1A, Figure 1B and Figure 1C showed comparisons of pre-RT Hb, post-RT Hb and △Hb and indicated their pairwise significant difference in all patients, CCRT group, and NACT+RT group, respectively.

According to the National Cancer Institute (NCI) toxicity criteria (CTCAE v3.0), before RT/CCRT, 57.9% (472/815), 39.1% (319/815), 2.9% (24/815) and 0% of all patients had no anemia, mild anemia (grade 1), moderate anemia (grade 2) and severe anemia (more than grade 3), respectively; while after RT/CCRT, the corresponding data were 22.0% (179/815), 67.9% (553/815), 7.2% (59/815) and 2.9% (24/815), respectively (Figure 1D). The pre-RT anemia degrees were comparable between CCRT group and NACT+RT group (Figure 1E). However, more patients in CCRT group suffered mild-to-moderate post-RT anemia than in NACT+RT group (Figure 1F).

For DSS, areas under the ROC curves (AUCs) of △Hb, post-RT Hb and pre-RT Hb were 0.573 (95% CI: 0.518~0.628, P=0.011), 0.591 (95% CI: 0.534~0.647, P=0.002) and 0.533 (95% CI: 0.476~0.591, P=0.246), respectively (Supplementary Figure S1A). The cut-off points of post-RT Hb and △Hb were 130.00 g/L (the sensitivity was 0.754 and the specificity was 0.387) and -15.00 g/L (the sensitivity was 0.568 and the specificity was 0.604), respectively. However, the cut-off point for pre-RT Hb was 130.00 g/L based on literatures [7, 10, 23], since no statistical significance was observed in the ROC analysis of pre-RT Hb for DSS.

 Figure 1 

Pre-RT Hb level (A), post-RT Hb level (B) and △Hb level (C) of all patients, CCRT group and NACT+RT group, respectively; pre-RT and post-RT anemia distribution (D) in all patients; Pre-RT anemia (E) and post-RT anemia (F) distribution in CCRT group and NACT+RT group, respectively. Abbreviation: RT, radiotherapy; Hb, hemoglobin; CCRT, concurrent chemoradiotherapy; NACT+RT, neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy.

Associations between Hb levels and survivals

In univariate analysis, pre-RT Hb <130.00 g/L showed a deleterious impact on 5-year DFS comparing to that of ≥130.00 g/L (76% vs. 82%, P=0.033, figure 2A). There was no apparent association between pre-RT Hb and LRFS, DMFS, or DSS. Within CCRT group, no association between pre-RT Hb and DFS was indicated, and 5-year DFS for patients with pre-RT Hb ≥ 130.00 g/L and <130.00 g/L were 81% and 77%, respectively (P=0.157). The corresponding data for patients in NACT+RT group were 83% and 74%, respectively (P=0.103).

Patients with post-RT Hb <130.00 g/L had poorer LRFS (84% vs. 91%, P=0.010; figure 2B) and DSS (80% vs.85%, P=0.008; figure 2C) than those with post-RT Hb ≥130.00 g/L. However, post-RT Hb did not significantly affect DMFS or DFS. An association between post-RT Hb and LRFS was detected in CCRT group (Supplementary Figure S1B) but not in NACT+RT group. Five-year LRFS for patients with post-RT Hb ≥130.00 g/L and <130.00 g/L in CCRT group were 91% and 84%, respectively (P=0.032). And corresponding data for those in NACT+RT group were 91% and 85%, respectively (P=0.195). However, post-RT Hb affected 5-year DSS in NACT+RT group (Supplementary Figure S1C) but not in CCRT group. In NACT+RT group, 5-year DSS for patients with post-RT Hb ≥130.00 g/L and <130.00 g/L were 86% and 78%, respectively (P=0.013). Corresponding data for those in CCRT group were 84% and 81%, respectively (P=0.225).

△Hb <-15.00 g/L was also significantly related to inferior LRFS (83% vs.89%, P=0.024; figure 2D) and DSS (78% vs.85%, P=0.015; figure 2E). However, △Hb was not significantly associated with DMFS or DFS. In CCRT group, 5-year LRFS for patients with △Hb <-15.00 g/L was 82%, compared with 90% for those with △Hb ≥-15.00 g/L (P=0.074, Supplementary Figure S1D). Corresponding data for patients in NACT+RT group were 86% and 88%, respectively (P=0.320). Five-year DSS for patients in CCRT group with △Hb <-15.00 g/L and ≥-15.00 g/L were 79% and 85%, respectively (P=0.095, Supplementary Figure S1E). For patients in NACT+RT group, corresponding data were 74% and 85%, respectively (P=0.078, Supplementary Figure S1F).

Besides, age (≥44 years vs. <44 years), gender (female vs. male), T stage, N stage, treatment (CCRT vs. NACT+RT), and RT technique (IMRT/3D-CRT vs. 2D-CRT) were tested to investigate their influence on treatment outcomes (Table 2). Age < 44 years, female, CCRT, early T stage and N stage were favorable to DSS. Female, CCRT, early T stage and N stage were associated with improved DFS and DMFS. Early N stage predicted higher LRFS while IMRT/3D-CRT showed a borderline favorable effect on LRFS.

In multivariate analysis with the COX proportional hazard regression model, early N stage, post-RT Hb≥130.00 g/L and △Hb≥-15.00 g/L were significantly independent favorable prognostic factors for LRFS. Age<44 years, female, early T stage, early N stage, post-RT Hb≥130.00 g/L and △Hb≥-15.00 g/L were independent predictors for favorable DSS (Table 3).

Multivariate Analysis with Binary Logistic Regression Model

The results of binary logistic regression analysis were shown in Supplementary Table S1. Female, T₄ stage and N_2~3a-b stage were the most relevant factors for pre-RT Hb <130.00 g/L. Female, age≥44 years, T_3~4 stage, N_1~3a-b stage, and receiving CCRT were predictive of post-RT Hb <130.00 g/L. Male and receiving CCRT were the most relevant parameters for △Hb <-15.00 g/L.

 Figure 2 

Survival curves of nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients grouped by Hb levels. Disease-free survival curves of all patients with pre-RT Hb ≥130.00 g/L and pre-RT Hb <130.00 g/L (A); locoregional recurrence-free survival curves (B) and disease specific survival curves (C) of all patients with post-RT Hb ≥130.00 g/L and post-RT Hb <130.00 g/L; locoregional recurrence-free survival curves (D) and disease specific survival curves (E) of all patients with △Hb level ≥-15.00 g/L and △Hb level <-15.00 g/L. Abbreviation: RT, radiotherapy; Hb, hemoglobin.

Discussion

Chemoradiotherapy, especially concurrent chemoradiotherapy with or without adjuvant/neoadjuvant chemotherapy, established as the mainstay for treating LA-NPC by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines (www.nccn.org), has greatly increased the locoregional control and survival [17]. With myelosuppressive chemotherapy frequently combined with radiotherapy, anemia became prevalent, especially mild-to-moderate anemia which was usually neglected or avoided by oncologists and clinical trial reports [24]. Therefore, it is reasonable to evaluate the prognostic value of Hb decrease for NPC in the chemoradiotherapy setting. This study demonstrated that post-RT Hb<130.00 g/L and △Hb<-15.00 g/L are associated with poorer locoregional control and disease-specific survival and CCRT is the most relevant factor predictive of post-RT Hb<130.00 g/L and △Hb< -15.00 g/L.

Cut-off points for Hb levels

In this study, ROC analysis was performed to define the critical cut-off points, where the Youden indexes were maximal. Since primary endpoint of the current research was DSS, the cut-off points of post-RT<130.00 g/L and △Hb< -15.00 g/L, selected based on ROC analysis for DSS, were adopted to regroup patients. Previous studies reported prognostic role of different Hb levels for various tumors treated with radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy, which were summarized in the supplementary table S2. However, they were not coincident with the timing of Hb measurement or the cut-off points for prognostication refinement. Our grouping criteria were partially consistent with some previous researches [5, 7, 10, 25]. The high and low level definitions were established based on the Hb levels where local control rate became stable (>130 g/L for female and >145 g/L for male) for HNSCC treated with definitive radiotherapy in the DAHANCA studies [26-27].

CCRT contributes to more mild-to-moderate anemia

Although neoadjuvant chemotherapy caused pre-RT Hb decrease, compared with the CCRT group without NACT (130.88 g/L vs. 143.39 g/L), radiotherapy alone did not obviously deteriorate post-RT Hb decrease (128.36 g/L vs. 130.88 g/L with mean △Hb of -9.03 g/L). However, CCRT led to massive Hb decrease (116.90 g/L vs. 143.39 g/L with mean △Hb of -19.78 g/L), which was in accord with the study for lung cancer by Koning CC et al [28]. More post-RT mild-to-moderate anemia was observed in the CCRT group, and CCRT proved to be the most relevant predictor for Hb decrease in multivariate analysis with binary logistic regression analysis. Explanations for the sharp Hb decrease might lie in the myelosuppressive toxicities of concurrent chemotherapy and worsening mucositis in the upper digestive tract, which contributed to nutritional insufficiency during CCRT.

Hb decrease has a significant prognostic role in NPC treated with chemoradiotherapy

Traditional and cogent explanations for how hypoxia in solid tumors induces radioresistance are based on several experimental radiobiological theories in an excellent review by Dewhirst MW et al [29]. The significance of Hb levels to treatment outcomes of NPC was previously investigated. Poorer locoregional control and survival were observed in the NPC subgroup receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy with pre-RT Hb<110 g/L and massive Hb decrease ≥15 g/L after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in the research by Altum M et al [25]. Chua DT et al. found that mid-RT Hb ≤110 g/L, the 25^th percentiles, was associated with impaired local control and DSS for the endemic NPC treated with radiotherapy with or without neoadjuvant chemotherapy [30]. However, only Hb decrease >11.5 g/L through treatment course predicted deteriorated locoregional control and DSS in early stage NPC treated with radiotherapy alone by Gao J et al [31]. The current study demonstrated that post-RT Hb<130.00 g/L and △Hb<-15.00 g/L were significantly associated with poorer locoregional control and DSS both in the univariate and multivariate analysis for endemic NPC receiving chemoradiotherapy. However, the massive Hb decrease, compared with those in the studies by Altum M et al [25] and Gao J et al [31] respectively, indicated that chemoradiotherapy further contributed to anemia.

The adverse prognostic value of Hb decrease suggests supportive care to prevent anemia

Although combined treatment, especially concurrent chemoradiotherapy, greatly improved survivals for NPC, mild-to-moderate anemia became prevalent after CCRT and might to some extent count for the compromised LRFS and DSS in the subgroup with Hb decrease in this study, who did not received supportive care unless Hb<60 g/L. Treatment for mild-to-moderate anemia was generally avoided due to no alternative to blood transfusion or concern about the unfavorable effect of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESA) on long-term survivals [32] or declined Hb level that triggered ESA treatment mandated by United States Food and Drug Administration [33]. However, comprehensive measures should be taken to prevent Hb decrease. Chemoradiotherapy toxicity, e.g., nausea and vomiting, anorexia, diarrhea, mucositis, which may result in nutritional imbalance and deficiency, should be reduced. And further studies are required to identify systemic approaches with less myelosuppression.

This is a single-institutional study with the largest sample size to report the prognostic role of chemoradiotherapy-induced Hb decrease in NPC patients. The principal limitation of the current study is its retrospective nature, which can be addressed by pooled analysis of several prospective multicenter clinical trials.

In conclusion, the incidence of mild-to-moderate anemia after chemoradiotherapy is high. Chemoradiotherapy-induced Hb decrease has negative influence on locoregional control and disease-specific survival, and may compromise the efficacy of neoadjuvant/concomitant chemotherapy plus radiotherapy. Further studies to investigate the impact of Hb level on treatment outcomes for NPC and the management of chemoradiotherapy-induced anemia are warranted.

Supplementary Material

Supplementary Table S1, Supplementary Table S2, Supplementary Figure S1.

Acknowledgements

Fang-Yun Xie conceived the study and revised the manuscript. Xue-Xia Liang interpreted and analyzed the data, and drafted the manuscript. Qun Li, Zhen Su, Xiao-Wen Lan, Pu-Yun Ouyang, Yan-Ping Mao, Ding-Bo Shi, Wu-Guo Deng, Zhi-Bin Cheng and Si-Yang Wang collected the data. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Funding

This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81272195, 81071687, 81372133), the State “863 Program” of China (SS2012AA020403), the State “973 Program” of China (2014CB542005), the Sci-Tech Project Foundation of Guangdong Province (2006B36001009) and the State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China.

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interest exists.

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Author contact

Corresponding author: Fang-yun Xie, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou 510060, China. Tel: +86-2087343484. E-mail: xiefyorg.cn

Received 2014-12-20
Accepted 2015-2-10
Published 2015-4-2

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