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J Cancer 2018; 9(8):1365-1370. doi:10.7150/jca.23874 This issue Cite

Research Paper

Long-Term Outcome of Oxaliplatin and Capecitabine (XELOX) Concomitant with Neoadjuvant Radiotherapy and Extended to the Resting Period in High Risk Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer

Jinghua Tang^1,2*, Xiaojun Wu^1,2*, Yanfang Bai^1,3, Yuanhong Gao^1,4, Wu Jiang^1,2, Lingheng Kong^1,2, Junzhong Lin^1,2, Desen Wan^1,2, Zhizhong Pan^1,2 , Peirong Ding^1,2

1. Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P R. China;
2. Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P. R. China
3. Department of Anesthesiology & Operating Theatre, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P. R. China
4. Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P. R. China
*Jinghua Tang and Xiaojun Wu contributed equally to this article.

✉ Corresponding author: Zhizhong Pan and Peirong Ding. Address: Departments of Colorectal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, No. 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, P. R. China. Tel: 86-20-87343124; Fax: 86-20-87343372; E-mail: panzzorg.cn; dingprorg.cn More

Abstract

Purpose: This study aimed at investigating the long-term outcomes of oxaliplatin and capecitabine (XELOX) administered concurrently with preoperative radiation and extended to the resting period in patients with high-risk locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC).

Methods: From January 2010 to December 2013, 45 patients were recruited. Study treatment consisted two cycles of XELOX regimen concomitant with preoperative radiation and then followed by an additional cycle of XELOX regimen between completion of neoadjuvant radiotherapy and surgery. Disease-free survival (DFS) time and overall survival (OS) time were analyzed.

Results: The median follow-up was 51 months. Twelve (26.7%) patients developed local recurrence or distant metastasis, including 10 (22.2%) patients developing distant metastasis only, 1 (2.2%) patient local recurrence only, and 1 (2.2%) patient both local recurrence and distant metastasis. The estimated 3-year DFS and OS was 75.5% (95% CI, 63.0%-88.0%) and 88.6% (95% CI, 98.0%-79.2%), respectively. Receiving adjuvant chemotherapy was a significant predictor for DFS, with hazard ratio 0.24 (95% CI: 0.08-0.74).

Conclusion: This intensified strategy with oxaliplatin and capecitabine (XELOX) administered concomitantly with neoadjuvant radiotherapy and then extended to the resting period in high-risk LARC patients is efficient. The long-term outcome is promising. Further study of this strategy is warranted.

Keywords: Rectal Cancer, Chemoradiotherapy, Oxaliplatin, Capecitabine, Long-term Survival

Introduction

Substantial progress has been made in the management of locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) during the past decades. With combined-modality therapy consisting of preoperative chemoradiotherapy (CRT), total mesorectal excision surgery (TME) and postoperative chemotherapy, local recurrence rate has been dramatically reduced [1-5]. However, few of the published randomized trials have demonstrated a survival benefit after a long term follow-up [5, 6]. Despite the local recurrence rates having been reduced to less than 5%, distant metastasis still occur in about 25% of patients. Given that better control of systemic disease becomes the major challenge for the management of LARC, there is a strong clinical rationale for upfront use of intensified systemic therapy to prevent or eradicate micrometastases. Adding oxaliplatin to the regimen of fluorouracil based adjuvant chemotherapy has improved disease free survival and overall survival in colon cancer [7-9]. Therefore, several large randomized phases III trials tested the efficacy of adding oxaliplatin to the multimodal neoadjuvant treatment for LARC. However, except the German CAO/ARO/AIO-04 study showing an improved disease free survival, integrating oxaliplatin into the combined modality strategies failed to show a survival benefit [10-13]. As a result, the strategy of simply adding oxaliplatin concomitant to conventional CRT remains unsatisfactory.

Previously, to enhance systemic control, we used an intensified chemotherapy with oxaliplatin and capecitabine (XELOX) administered concomitantly to preoperative radiotherapy and extended to the resting period between complication of CRT and surgery for high-risk LARC patients. Preliminary results suggest this alternative strategy was well tolerated and associated with high rates of pathological complete response (pCR) and major regression rates [14]. In the present study, we aimed to report the long-term outcomes of the patients treated according to this protocol.

Patients and methods

Patients

This was a retrospective study. Data were retrieved from a prospectively maintained data base at Sun Yet-sen University cancer center. Details on patients, methods and treatment were published previously [14]. In brief, patients with high risk LARC and treated with concurrent CRT followed by chemotherapy in the resting period between the completion of radiotherapy and surgery were included in this study. The tumor considered high risk had to show at least one of the following factors: low-lying tumor (within 6 cm of anal verge), bulky tumor (larger than 5 cm), infiltration of adjacent tissues or organs (cT4), positive lymph node, or elevated serum carcinoembryonic antigen. Patients with metastatic or recurrence rectal cancer and patients who had undergone transanal local excision or endoscopic mucosal resection were excluded from this study. Pretreatment distant metastasis assessment included chest and abdominal computer tomography scans (CT). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with or without endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) was mandatory for local staging. The investigational protocol was approved by the Research and Ethics Committee of the Sun Yet-sen University cancer center. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients before the initiation of treatment according to the institutional guidelines.

Treatment

The preoperative radiotherapy consisted of 46 Gy in 23 fractions, using 8- and 15-MV X rays in a 3-field irradiation technique, delivered to the primary tumor lesion and to mesorectal, the two end portions of rectum and the pelvis internal iliac lymph drainage areas. From 2012, a 4 Gy (2 Gy per fraction) boost to the gross tumor volume increased the total dose to 50 Gy. Two cycles of standard XELOX regimen (oxaliplatin 130 mg/m² day 1; capecitabine 1000 mg/m² twice daily, days 1-14; repeat every 3 weeks) were administered concomitantly to radiotherapy prior to 2012. To avoid potential treatment interruption or delay, a modified XELOX regimen (oxaliplatin 100 mg/m² day 1; capecitabine 1000 mg/m² twice daily, days 1-14; repeat every 3 weeks) was introduced to the concurrent chemotherapy from 2012 [15]. Consolidation chemotherapy with a standard XELOX regimen was given after one week completion of the CRT.

About 4-5 weeks after the completion of radiation, comprehensive local and distant reassessment was performed by CT scan of the chest, abdomen and MRI of the pelvis. Radical rectal resection according to the TME principle was scheduled 6-8 weeks after the end of radiation. Adjuvant chemotherapy was recommend for all patients with 5 cycles standard XELOX regimen or 3 cycles standard XELOX plus 2 cycles capecitabine administered at a dose of 1250 mg/m² twice daily for 14 days every 3 weeks if unacceptable oxaliplatin-induced neurotoxicity occurred.

Pathological assessment

The 7^th edition of American Joint Committee on Cancer TNM system was used for tumor staging. Tumor regression after preoperative treatment was evaluated according to the Dworak regression grade system [16].

Follow up

Patients were followed up at interval of 3 months for two years after surgery, and then every 6 months for the next 3 years. Patient history, physical examination, abdominal ultrasonography and serum carcinoembryonic antigen was proposed at each visit. Colonoscopy and CT scan of chest, abdomen and pelvis were recommended annually for up 5 years after surgery.

Statistical analysis

Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate the overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). The log-rank test was used to compare the survival curves. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression was used to analyze the major factors affecting survival. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS)' version 15.0 for Windows (SPSS, Inc. Chicago, IL) was used for all analysis. DFS was defined as the interval from the first day of the treatment to the date of relapse, death, or the last follow-up, whichever occurred first. OS was defined as the interval from the first day of the treatment to death from any cause. All data in our study have been uploaded onto the Research Data Deposit public platform at Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center for future reference (number RDDA 2017000353).

Results

Clinicopathologic demographic data

From January 2010 to December 2013, a total of 45 eligible patients were analyzed. Numbers differ from the previous report because another 9 patients received the same treatment in the next year were included in the analysis. Patients and disease characteristics and pathological findings are listed in Table 1 which does not differ significantly from the previous report. Of note, all patients obtained R0 resection, including 1 patient with liver metastasis detected intraoperative. Primary tumor downstaging was observed in 32 (71.7%) patients and nodal downstaging in 24 (53.3%) patients. A total of 36 (80%) patients received adjuvant chemotherapy and 34 (75.6%) patients received greater than 80% of the initially planned dose.

DFS and OS

After a median of 51 months (IQR 45-57) follow-up, 12 (26.7%) patients developed local recurrence or distant metastasis, including 10 (22.2%) patients developing distant metastasis only, 1 (2.2%) patient local recurrence only, and 1 (2.2%) patient both local recurrence and distant metastasis. The median time to recurrence from surgery was 15.7 moths (range, 8.2-48.9 moths). Median DFS was not reached, and the estimated 3-years DFS was 75.5% (95% CI, 63.0%-88.0%) (Fig 1A).

At the time of analysis, 6 (13.3%) patients died and all of them suffered recurrence. The median time to death from surgery was 30.4 moths (range, 17.07- 44.63 moths). The median OS was not reached also, and the estimated 3-years OS was 88.6% (95% CI, 98.0%-79.2%) (Fig 1B).

Exploratory subgroup analysis according to pretreatment factors and pathological factors after preoperative chemoradiotherapy showed no significant predictors for DFS. Whether receiving adjuvant chemotherapy or not was the only significant predictor for DFS, with hazard ratio 0.24 (95% CI: 0.08-0.74), and a positive trend was observed for primary tumor downstaging 0.50 (95% CI: 0.19-1.58) (Table 2).

Discussion

The intensified strategy with XELOX regimen administered concurrently with preoperative radiation and extended to the resting period after CRT before surgery and as postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy resulted in excellent disease control and long-term survival, with well-tolerated toxicity and good compliance. After a median follow-up of 51 moths, the cumulative incidence of local recurrence and distant metastasis is 4.4% and 24.4%, respectively.

 Figure 1 

Kaplan-Meier Curve of (A) disease-free survival and (B) overall survival for 45 patients with high-risk locally advanced rectal cancer.

With preoperative CRT/RT and optimized TME, local recurrence rates have been markedly reduced to below 5% in locally advanced rectal cancer [2, 4, 5, 17]. In present study, the cumulative incidence of local recurrence was 4.4% which was comparable to the published studies. Hence, distant metastases are now the predominant causes for failure and better control of systemic disease becomes the major challenge for the management of LARC.

Several studies have investigated integrating combination chemotherapy into the combined modality aiming to improve local and systemic control. The strategy of adding oxaliplatin weekly to fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapy was well studied. Except the CAO/ARO/AIO-04 trail, results from randomized phase III trials: STAR-01, ACCORD 12, NASPBR-04, and PETACC-6 showed that adding oxaliplatin to 5-FU/capecitabine-based preoperative CRT increased acute toxicity, but failed to improve the pCR rate and disease free or overall survival [10-13, 17]. The CAO/ARO/AIO-04 trail with more than 1250 patients recruited reported a significant improvement of pCR rate (13% vs. 17%, P=0.04) and 3-years DFS (71.2% vs. 75.9%, P=0.03). The current study reported a feasible pCR rate (37.8%) and 3-years DFS 75.5% (95% CI, 63.0%-88.0%) which was comparable to that of the CAO/ARO/AIO-04 trial. Of note, except the CAO/ARO/AIO-04 trial, most of the above mentioned studies did not change the schedule of fluoropyrimidine delivery with oxaliplatin weekly added to the conventional CRT, which might increase toxicities and result in more dose reduction or treatment interruptions. In the STAR-01, only 66% patients received initially planned oxaliplatin infusions with or without radiation dose reduction [10]. In the ACCORD-12, only 41% patients received full dose of oxaliplatin [11]. The current study using the XELOX regimen as the concurrent chemotherapy scheduled 1 week free of chemotherapy in the middle of radiation, which was similar to the CAO/ARO/AIO-04 trail. The alternative schedule was well tolerated and 85% patients received full dose of neoadjuvant oxaliplatin. In our study, all patients received the planned full dose of radiation and concurrent chemotherapy. Less dose reduction and treatment interruption might account for favorable outcome.

Lengthening the interval between CRT and surgery was associated with improved tumor response [18]. With the longer chemotherapy-free interval, there are also concerns about the possibility of increasing the risk of metastasis. Several small trails have tested the utility of consolidation chemotherapy into the resting period between the CRT and the surgery. Habr-Gama et al. first reported an impressive sustained complete response (65%), with 3 additional cycles of fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapy during the resting period [19]. Garcia-Aguilar et al. reported a prospective phase 2 trial consisting of 4 sequential study groups [20]. All patients received fluoropyrimidine-based chemoradiation. Study group 1 had surgery 6-8 weeks after CRT. Study group 2-4 received two, four, six cycles of mFOLFOX6, respectively, during the waiting period before surgery. The pCR rate was 18%, 25%, 30%, and 38% in study group 1-4, respectively. Although promising, long-term follow up to measure the oncological outcome remains pending. Soo Jung Lee et al. recently reported a pilot study adding one cycle of fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapy during the resting period between CRT and surgery. Despite more N2 disease and higher carcinoembryonic antigen level in the historical control group, the estimated 3 years DFS in the study was better than the control group (79.5% vs. 67.5%, P=0.04)[21].

Adjuvant chemotherapy after preoperative chemoradiotherapy and surgery for patients with rectal cancer was still controversial [22-25]. Although with insufficient strong evidence, current practices recommend a full course of adjuvant chemotherapy for all patients with rectal cancer receiving CRT and surgery, irrespective of the final pathology. The ADORE trail indicated that adjuvant FOLFOX improves DFS compared with fluorouracil plus leucovorin in patients with postoperative pathological stage II or III rectal cancer after preoperative chemoradiotherapy (71.6% vs. 62.9%, P=0.047) )[26]. In the present study, a benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy with XELOX regimen was observed in exploratory subgroup analysis (HR 0.24, 95% CI 0.08-0.74; P=0.01). Since these subgroup analyses are exploratory, it is hard to draw any conclusion.

The limitations of the present study are obvious. The inherent retrospective nature, relatively small numbers of patients, and single-arm design might limit the power to interpret data. Because of the absence of a control group, our results are merely hypothesis rather than confirmatory.

Conclusion

The intensified strategy with a XELOX regimen administered concurrently with radiation and extended to the resting period after CRT before surgery and as postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy was well tolerated and resulted in excellent long-term survival. These promising results warrant further investigation in future prospective randomized trials.

Abbreviations

LARC: locally advanced rectal cancer; DFS: disease-free survival; OS: overall survival; CRT: chemoradiotherapy; TME: total mesorectal excision; pCR: pathological complete response.

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interest exists.

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Author contact

Corresponding author: Zhizhong Pan and Peirong Ding. Address: Departments of Colorectal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, No. 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, P. R. China. Tel: 86-20-87343124; Fax: 86-20-87343372; E-mail: panzzorg.cn; dingprorg.cn

Received 2017-11-15
Accepted 2018-1-19
Published 2018-4-6

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