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J Cancer 2021; 12(7):1936-1944. doi:10.7150/jca.53675 This issue Cite

Research Paper

Prognostic significance of FSCN family in multiple myeloma

Cong Deng^1*, Chaozeng Si^2*, Xu Ye³, Qiang Zhou¹, Tiansheng Zeng^3,4,5, Zeyong Huang^3,4,5, Wenhui Huang^3,4,5, Pei Zhu^3,4,5, Qingfu Zhong^3,4,5, Zhihua Wu^3,4,5, Huoyan Zhu^3,4,5, Qing Lin^3,4,5, Wenjuan Zhang^3,4,5, Lin Fu^3,4,5,6,7 , Yongjiang Zheng⁸ , Tingting Qian^3,4,5

1. Department of Clinical laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, 510260 Guangzhou, China.
2. Department of Information Center, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, 100029 Beijing, China.
3. Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, 510260 Guangzhou, China.
4. Translational Medicine Center, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 510260 Guangzhou, China.
5. Guangdong Provincial Education Department Key Laboratory of Nano-Immunoregulation Tumor Microenvironment, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 510260 Guangzhou, China.
6. Translational Medicine Center, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, 475000 Kaifeng, China.
7. Department of Hematology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, 475000 Kaifeng, China.
8. Department of Hematology, Institute of Hematology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 510630 Guangzhou, China.
* These authors contributed equally to this work: Cong Deng, Chaozeng Si.

✉ Corresponding author: Lin Fu, MD. PhD. E-mail: fulin022com; Yongjiang Zheng, MD. PhD. E-mail: zhengyj5sysu.edu.cn; Tingting Qian. E-mail: qiantingting.08com.

Abstract

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematologic tumor with monoclonal proliferation of malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow. Fascin (FSCN) is an actin-binding protein that plays a crucial role in cell migration and invasion, contributing to tumor metastasis. There are three members (FSCN1-3) in FSCN family. However, the prognostic role of FSCN family in MM remains unclear. In this study, we used four independent Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets to explore the relationships between FSCN1-3 expression profiles and patient survival in MM. We found that FSCN1 was dramatically down-regulated in MM compared to normal donors (p < 0.001) and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) (p = 0.032). Patients with high expression of FSCN1 and FSCN2 had significantly longer OS (p = 0.023 and 0.028, respectively). Univariate and multivariate analysis showed that FSCN1 (p = 0.003, 0.002) and FSCN2 (p = 0.018, 0.013) were independent favorable prognostic factors for OS in MM. Moreover, the combination of high expression of FSCN1 and FSCN2 could effectively predict both longer EFS (p = 0.046) and OS (p = 0.015). Our study suggested that FSCN1 and FSCN2 can be used as favorable biomarkers for predicting clinical outcomes in MM.

Keywords: FSCN, multiple myeloma, biomarker, prognosis.

Introduction

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematologic malignancy characterized by the expansion of clonal plasma cells in bone marrow and abnormal secretion of immunoglobulins [1]. MM can be grouped into asymptomatic or symptomatic based on with or without myeloma-related organ or tissue dysfunction, including hypercalcemia, renal impairment, anemia and bone lesions [1, 2]. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is considered as an asymptomatic premalignant stage. There are 0.5-1% of MGUS that can evolve into symptomatic MM (intramedullary MM) per year, and may finally progress to extramedullary MM or plasma cell leukemia (PCL) [1, 3]. Clinical stage and cytogenetic abnormalities are the most commonly used variables for risk stratification in MM [4]. In addition, gene expression profiling has been recognized as an important prognostic factor in recent years [4, 5]. Exploring more powerful biomarkers is very meaningful for identifying patients with poor prognosis earlier and providing better therapy strategies, especially for asymptomatic high-risk MM patients [6].

Fascin (FSCN) is a 55-kDa actin-binding protein involved in the formation and stability of microspikes, filopodia and invadopodia, which leads to cell adhesion, motility and migration [7-9]. There are three isoforms in FSCN family, including FSCN1, FSCN2 and FSCN3, which are encoded by FSCN1, FSCN2 and FSCN3 gene, respectively [10]. The expression of FSCN1 was low or absent from adult epithelia, but often highly increased in many aggressive carcinomas, such as breast cancer [11], pancreatic cancer [12] and hepatocellular carcinoma [13]. FSCN1 has been proved to play an important role in promoting metastasis of tumors [14-17]. For example, upregulated FSCN1 expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) derived cells resulted in a significant increase in cell migration and invasion. FSCN1 overexpression was significantly correlated with advanced tumor stage and lymph node metastasis in OSCC [18]. Moreover, high FSCN1 expression was strongly associated with poor clinical outcomes and could be used as a prognostic and predictive biomarker in different cancer types, including nonsmall cell lung cancer [19], urinary bladder urothelial carcinoma [20] and breast cancer [21, 22]. FSCN1 has been extensively studied in recent years, whereas very little is known about FSCN2 and FSCN3. It has been reported that FSCN2 and FSCN3 may function in progressive hearing loss [23] and terminal elongation of the spermatid head [24], respectively.

However, the role of FSCN family in MM is still unclear. In this study, we enrolled 1201 patients from four independent GEO datasets and investigated the potential prognostic role of FSCN family in MM by exploring the relationships between FSCN1-3 expression profiles and the clinical outcomes of MM patients.

Materials and Methods

Patients

All clinical, cytogenetic and molecular information, as well as gene microarray expression data used in this study were collected from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo). We divided all the samples into two cohorts. The first cohort was used for microarray expression analysis, including GSE39754 (6 normal donors, 170 MM) and GSE2113 (7 MGUS, 39 MM, 6 PCL). The gene expression data was analyzed by Affymetrix Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 Array. The second cohort was mainly applied for survival analysis. This cohort consisted of two independent microarray datasets of MM patients, GSE24080 and GSE4581. The gene expression profiling of 559 newly diagnosed MM patients in GSE24080 and 414 untreated MM patients in GSE4581 were also evaluated by the Affymetrix Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 Array.

Clinical endpoints of this study were event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS). EFS was defined as the length of time from diagnosis to the first event, including progression, relapse, death, etc. OS was defined as the length of time from diagnosis to death or the end of the follow-up for any reason.

All experiment design, quality control, and data normalization were in line with the standard Affymetrix protocols. The research was conducted in accordance with the International Conference and the Declaration of Helsinki.

Statistical analysis

The clinical and molecular characteristics of patients were described using median and/or range. Comparison of numerical data and categorical data were based on the Wilcoxon rank sum test, Kruskal-Wallis test and Fisher exact test, respectively. The Kaplan-Meier methods and log-rank test were applied for survival analysis. Co-expression analysis was conducted by calculating Pearson's correlation coefficient. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard models were constructed for EFS and OS, using a limited backward elimination procedure. The confidence interval is 95%. All statistical analysis was performed by R software 3.5.0.

Results

The expression levels of FSCN family in normal donors and myeloma patients in different stages

To investigate the association between expression levels of FSCN1-3 and MM, we analyzed expression levels of FSCN1-3 in normal donors and MM patients from GSE39754 dataset. The FSCN1 expression in MM patients demonstrated a remarkable decrease compared to normal donors (p < 0.001, Fig 1A). However, there was no significant difference in the expression of FSCN2 and FSCN3 between normal donors and MM patients (Fig 1A).

To explore the relationship between FSCN1-3 expression levels and the progression of myeloma, we also analyzed FSCN1-3 expression levels of patients from GSE2113 in three different myeloma stages, including MGUS, MM and PCL. The FSCN1 and FSCN3 expression were also down-regulated in MM compared with MGUS (p = 0.032, 0.016, Fig 1B), no statistically significance was found between MM and PCL. There was no significant difference in FSCN2 expression among different myeloma stages (Fig 1B).

Comparison of EFS and OS between different expression levels of FSCN family

Using the GSE24080 dataset (559 MM patients), we analyzed the impact of FSCN1-3 expression on clinical outcomes in MM. Based on the median expression level of each FSCN member, we divided all the patients into low and high FSCN expression groups. The comparison of EFS and OS between different FSCN expression groups were shown in Table 1. High expression of FSCN1 was significantly associated with longer OS (p = 0.023, Fig 2C), and it had no obvious impact on EFS (p = 0.150, Fig 2A). EFS and OS in MM patients with high FSCN2 expression were longer than those with low FSCN2 expression (p = 0.027, 0.028, Fig 2B, Fig 2D). The expression level of FSCN3 had no effect on EFS and OS of patients in two groups (Table 1). The impacts of elevated levels of FSCN1 and FSCN2 on longer OS were also validated in another independent dataset GSE4581 (p = 0.049, 0.031, Fig 2E, 2F).

 Figure 1 

The expression levels of FSCN1-3 in normal donors and myeloma patients in different stages. X-axis represents the sample type; Y-axis represents the FSCN1-3 expression levels (log2). A MM patients (n=170) compared with normal donors (n=6) in GSE39754. B Comparison of FSCN1-3 expression levels in three different stages of myeloma patients: MGUS (n=7), MM (n=39), PCL (n=6) in GSE2113.

 Figure 2 

Survival analysis between different expression levels of FSCN1 and FSCN2. A No significant difference was observed in EFS between FSCN1^high group and FSCN1^low group in GSE24080. B FSCN2^high group had longer EFS than FSCN2^low group in GSE24080. C FSCN1^high group had longer OS than FSCN1^low group in GSE24080. D FSCN2^high group had longer OS than FSCN2^low in GSE24080. E FSCN1^high group had longer OS than FSCN1^low group in GSE4581. F FSCN2^high group had longer OS than FSCN2^low in GSE4581.

Gene co-expression analysis for FSCN family in MM

To identify the expression correlations between FSCN family members, we performed a gene co-expression analysis of 559 MM patients in GSE24080 dataset. As shown in Fig 3, the expressions of FSCN1-3 were not significantly associated with each other (all r_Pearson < 0.5, Fig 3).

 Figure 3 

The gene co-expression analysis for FSCN family members in GSE24080 dataset. A Co-expression heat map of FSCN genes. B Co-expression relationship between FSCN1 and FSCN2. C Co-expression relationship between FSCN1 and FSCN3. D Co-expression relationship between FSCN2 and FSCN3.

Comparison of clinical and molecular characteristics in different FSCN1 and FSCN2 expression

Comparison of the clinical and molecular characteristics of the 559 MM patients in GSE24080 based on different FSCN1 and FSCN2 expression levels were summarized in Table 2. Compared to FSCN1^low group, FSCN1^high group had decreased beta-2 microglobulin (B2M) level (p = 0.015), elevated hemoglobin (HGB) level (p < 0.001), less aspirate plasma cells (ASPC) (p < 0.001), less bone marrow biopsy plasma cells (BMPC) (p < 0.001) and less frequent cytogenetic abnormality (p < 0.001). As the same as FSCN1, FSCN2^high group had decreased B2M level (p = 0.007) and less frequent cytogenetic abnormality (p = 0.001) compared with FSCN2^low group. In addition, FSCN2^high group was related to more older patients (p = 0.020), more male patients (p = 0.028), decreased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level (p < 0.001) and higher FGFR3 expression (p = 0.009).

Univariate and multivariate analysis of possible prognostic factors in MM

To further confirm the potential prognostic value of FSCN family in MM, age (≥ 60 vs. < 60 years), gender, albumin (ALB), B2M, HGB, LDH, expression levels of FSCN1-3 and other common genetic mutations (CCND1, FGFR3, LIG4, and TP53) were included in univariate and multivariate cox regression analysis.

As shown in Table 3, univariate analysis demonstrated that ALB (p = 0.033, < 0.001), B2M (both p < 0.001), HGB (p < 0.001, = 0.002), LDH (both p < 0.001), FSCN2 expression (p = 0.028, = 0.018) were significantly correlated with both EFS and OS of 559 MM patients in GSE 24080. Additionally, CCND1 expression (p = 0.006) was significantly associated with EFS. Age (p = 0.028) and FSCN1 expression (p = 0.003) were closely related to OS in univariate analysis. While in multivariate analysis, LDH was an independent risk factor for both EFS and OS (both p < 0.001). For EFS, HGB (p = 0.023) and CCND1 (p = 0.011) were independent favorable factors. As for OS, ALB (p < 0.001), FSCN1 (p = 0.002) and FSCN2 (p = 0.013) were independent favorable factors, while age (p = 0.029), B2M (p = 0.010) were independent risk factors.

The combined prognostic significance of FSCN1 and FSCN2 in MM

As FSCN1 and FSCN2 were proved to be independent prognostic factors in MM, we further explored their combined prognostic significance in 559 patients from GSE24080. As shown in Fig 4, FSCN1^high FSCN2^high group had significant longer EFS and OS compared to the other three groups (p = 0.046, 0.015).

Discussion

In this study, we found that the expression levels of FSCN1 and FSCN3 were significantly decreased in MM. Enhanced expressions of FSCN1 and FSCN2 closely related to longer OS and could serve as independent favorable prognostic factors for OS in MM. Combining high expression of FSCN1 and FSCN2 could not only effectively predict longer OS but also longer EFS.

 Fig 4 

Survival analysis of combination of different expression levels of FSCN1 and FSCN2 in GSE24080 dataset. A, B FSCN1^high FSCN2^high group had longer EFS than other groups. C, D FSCN1^high FSCN2^high group had longer OS than other groups.

FSCN1 was usually up-regulated in many malignant tumors and could be considered as an oncogene by promoting migration and invasion of tumors cells [25]. Increasing evidences suggested that elevated level of FSCN1 was significantly correlated with increased metastatic potential and more aggressive phenotypes in a variety of tumors [26-29], and inhibiting FSCN1 could block the migration and metastasis of tumor cells [30]. For instance, the increased expression of FSCN1 in HR-negative breast cancers might contribute to their more aggressive behavior [11], down-regulation of FSCN1 by si-RNA dramatically reduced the migratory abilities of breast cancer cells [31]. Forced expression of FSCN1 in cultured colorectal cancer cells promoted their migratory and invasive capabilities in vitro and enabled cells had higher abilities to form metastases in vivo, whereas specific inhibition of FSCN1 expression reduced colorectal cancer cells invasion [32]. The anti-migration and anti-invasion effect by knocking-down expression of FSCN1 could also be found in ovarian cancer [33], non-small cell lung cancer [34] and glioblastoma [35]. Thus, inhibition of FSCN1 expression may be essential for anti-metastatic therapy. Additionally, the increased expression of FSCN1 has been proved to be an adverse biomarker predicting poor outcomes in many types of malignancies [36, 37]. Surprisingly, in contrast to most of malignancies, FSCN1 was found to be down-regulated in two independent GSE datasets in MM (GSE39754 and GSE2113, Fig 1), and high expression of FSCN1 was closely related to longer OS in MM, which was confirmed in 973 patients from GSE24080 and GSE4581 (Table 1, Fig 2). This unique inverse correlation between the expression of FSCN1 and the prognosis of MM patients is unexpected and needs further investigation. In addition, compared with FSCN1^low group, patients with high expression of FSCN1 had decreased levels of unfavorable prognostic factors (B2M, ASPC, BMPC and cytogenetic abnormality) and increased level of favorable one (HGB) (Table 2), which might partially contribute to longer OS in FSCN1^high group. In multivariate analysis, we proved that FSCN1 can be an independent favorable prognosis factor for OS (p = 0.002, Table 3) Further investigation is required to evaluate using FSCN1 as a therapeutic target in MM.

Previous studies on FSCN2 have focused on the role of maintaining ear and eye functions [23, 38, 39]. Very little was found in the literature on the relationship between FSCN2 and tumors. In this study, we demonstrated that high expression of FSCN2 was significantly associated with favorable EFS and OS in MM (Table 1, Fig 2). We also found that B2M, LDH, cytogenetic abnormality, which were related to poor clinical outcomes in MM, showed a significant decrease in FSCN2^high group compared to FSCN2^low group (Table 2). To further confirm whether FSCN2 could predict prognosis independently, multivariate analysis was conducted and high expression of FSCN2 was proved to be an independent positive prognosis indicator for OS in MM (p = 0.013, Table 3). Further efforts are required to explore how FSCN2 affects the patient survival.

As FSCN1 and FSCN2 were both positively related to OS, we further investigated the prognostic role of the combination of FSCN1 and FSCN2. FSCN1 and FSCN2 did not show a coordinated expression pattern in our study (r_Pearson < 0.5, Fig 3). This was in line with previous studies that FSCN1 was expressed in neural and mesenchymal tissues and FSCN2 was predominantly expressed in retinal photoreceptor cells, respectively [28]. As to the prognosis, combination of high expression of FSCN1 and FSCN2 could not only effectively predict longer OS but also longer EFS (all p < 0.05, Fig 4).

In multivariate analysis, consistently with previous studies, we found that LDH was an independent risk factor for both EFS and OS, B2M was an independent risk factor for OS, and HGB was an independent favorable factor for EFS (Table 3). Cyclin D1 (CCND1) is a critical modulator in cell cycle. The prognostic role of CCND1 in MM is still controversial. CCND1 was reported to be associated with unfavorable prognosis in MM [40, 41], whereas it was identified as a favorable prognostic indicator in another study [42]. In our study, we showed that CCND1 was an independent favorable factor for EFS in MM (Table 3).

In conclusion, our research demonstrated that increased expression levels of FSCN1 and FSCN2 were strongly associated with longer OS and they were independent favorable prognostic factors for OS in MM. In addition, the combination of FSCN1 and FSCN2 expression was an effective prognosis predictor for both EFS and OS in MM. However, the related molecular mechanism of FSCN family in MM remains unclear and needs to be further investigated.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by grants from Medical Scientific Research Foundation of Guangdong Province, China (A2019472, A2018031), Xinjiang Joint Fund of National Natural Science Foundation of China (U1903117), National Natural Science Foundation of China (81500118, 81970193), Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (2019A1515011327), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (19ykpy39).

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interest exists.

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Author contact

Corresponding author: Lin Fu, MD. PhD. E-mail: fulin022com; Yongjiang Zheng, MD. PhD. E-mail: zhengyj5sysu.edu.cn; Tingting Qian. E-mail: qiantingting.08com.

Received 2020-9-24
Accepted 2020-12-29
Published 2021-1-30

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