PDF

J Cancer 2021; 12(19):5903-5913. doi:10.7150/jca.60969 This issue Cite

Research Paper

The miR-193a-5p/NCX2/AKT axis promotes invasion and metastasis of osteosarcoma

Ruiqi Chen^1,2, Yichong Ning^3#, Guirong Zeng⁴, Hao Zhou³, Lin Zhou³, Pei Xiao³, Zhihong Li^1,2 , Jianlin Zhou³

1. Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China.
2. Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China.
3. Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, China.
4. Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamics and Safety Evaluation of New Drugs & Hunan Provincial Research Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, Changsha 410331, Hunan, China.
# Present address: Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chongzuo People's Hospital, Chongzuo 532200, Guangxi, China.

✉ Corresponding author: Zhihong Li, Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China. E-mail: lizhihongedu.cn; Jianlin Zhou, Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, China. E-mail: jlzhouedu.cn. More

Abstract

MiR-193a-5p has been observed to have oncogenic or tumor suppressive functions in different kinds of cancers, but its role and molecular mechanism in osteosarcoma are elusive. Na⁺/Ca²⁺ exchangers (NCX1, NCX2 and NCX3) normally extrude Ca²⁺ from the cell, and deregulation of the intracellular Ca²⁺ homeostasis is related to several kinds of diseases, including cancer. The present study demonstrated that miR-193a-5p was upregulated in osteosarcoma tissues compared with the corresponding adjacent noncancerous tissues, and promoted colony formation, migration, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in osteosarcoma cells (SaOS-2 and U-2OS), as well as metastasis in a murine xenograft model. Tandem mass tag-based quantitative proteomics analysis identified NCX2 as a potential target of miR-193a-5p. Luciferase activity assays and Western blotting further confirmed that miR-193a-5p recognized the 3′-untranslated region of NCX2 mRNA, and negatively regulated NCX2 expression. NCX2 was downregulated in osteosarcoma tissues, and its expression was negatively correlated with miR-193a-5p levels. Ectopic expression of NCX2 in osteosarcoma cells could reverse the oncogenicity of miR-193a-5p, indicating that miR-193a-5p exerted its effects by targeting NCX2. Further study demonstrated that NCX2 suppresses Ca²⁺-dependent Akt phosphorylation by decreasing intracellular Ca²⁺ concentration, and then inhibited EMT process. Treatment with the antagomir against miR-193a-5p sensitized osteosarcoma to the Akt inhibitor afuresertib in a murine xenograft model. In conclusion, a miR-193a-5p/NCX2/AKT signaling axis contributes to the progression of osteosarcoma, which may provide a new therapeutic target for osteosarcoma treatment.

Keywords: miR-193a-5p, NCX2, AKT, osteosarcoma, metastasis

Introduction

Osteosarcoma is the most prevalent malignant bone tumor. It commonly occurs in adolescents and young adults, the highest incidence is among those aged 10-19 years [1]. The tumors mainly develop in the bones around the knee, either in the distal femur or the proximal tibia [2]. Osteosarcoma is a highly aggressive cancer; that is prone to metastasis or recurrence. Approximately 16.7% of patients present lung metastases at initial diagnosis [3], and 30% to 40% of patients have recurrence [4]. Although the introduction of adjuvant chemotherapy following surgery has improved the 10-year overall survival (OS) rate from 30% to approximately 50%, no improvement in OS has been achieved since the 1990s [4]. Thus, it is necessary to investigate the molecular pathogenesis of osteosarcoma to improve the efficacy of diagnosis and treatment.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of short single-stranded RNAs that are involved in various physiological and pathological processes, including cancer progression. MiR-193a-5p plays different roles in different types of cancer. It is aberrantly overexpressed in lung, prostate, pancreas and liver cancers [5-8] and can facilitate migration, invasion and chemoresistance [5, 8-10]. Conversely, miR-193a-5p plays a tumor-suppressive role and is downregulated in breast cancer, stomach and oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma [11-13]. The role of miR-193a-5p in osteosarcoma is not completely understood. The expression of miR-193a-5p in osteosarcoma clinical samples has not been investigated, and the only two investigations about the role of miR-193a-5p in osteosarcoma were performed in vitro with contradictory results [14, 15]. Jacques et al showed that miR-193a-5p contributes to cisplatin resistance through inhibition of TAp73β in primary osteosarcoma [14], but Pu et al reported that both miR-193a-5p and miR-193a-3p suppress the migration and invasion of the osteosarcoma cell line MG63 [15].

Na⁺/Ca²⁺ exchangers (NCXs), also called solute carrier family 8 (SLC8), are a type of ion transporters that operate by a stoichiometry of three Na⁺ ions for one Ca²⁺ [16, 17]. NCXs normally extrude Ca²⁺ from the cell, but also bring Ca²⁺ into the cell under special conditions [16, 17]. In mammals, NCXs consist of three members: NCX1 (SLC8A1) has a ubiquitous distribution, while NCX2 (SLC8A2) and NCX3 (SLC8A3) are exclusively expressed in the brain [16, 17]. Recently, NCX2 was also found to be expressed in stomach [18] and kidney [19]. NCX2 expression is upregulated during RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation [20]. All three NCX proteins play important roles in regulating intracellular Ca²⁺ homeostasis, and deregulation of Ca²⁺ homeostasis is related to several kinds of disease, including cancer [21]. Increasing evidence shows that NCXs are involved in tumorigenesis and progression [22-24]. It has been reported that NCX2 is silenced by DNA methylation in human glioma [25], and ectopic expression of NCX2 inhibits growth, angiogenesis and invasion of glioblastoma [24]. Reactivation of the tumor suppressor Maspin significantly upregulates NCX2 expression in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, suggesting the potential role of NCX2 in breast cancer [26]. However, the role of NCX2 in osteosarcoma has not been investigated.

In this study, we demonstrate that miR-193a-5p is upregulated in osteosarcoma and promotes colony formation, migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in vitro, as well as metastasis in vivo. NCX2 is a direct target of miR-193a-5p, and it suppresses the EMT process by inactivating Ca²⁺-dependent Akt activation. Overall, we identified a novel miR-193a/NCX2/AKT signalling axis in osteosarcoma.

Materials and methods

Tissue specimens

Twenty-five pairs of osteosarcoma and matched adjacent noncancerous tissues were collected from the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University. The criteria for study entry included: newly diagnosed, no history of other tumors, no other underlying diseases that possibly affect the treatment process, and no special preoperative treatment. The samples were histologically confirmed by haematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. The clinicopathological characteristics are listed in Supplementary Table S1. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Second Xiangya Hospital.

Chemicals and antibodies

Chemicals used in the study include afuresertib, SC-79 (Selleck, Houston, TX, USA), ionomycin (Yeasen, Shanghai, China) and Fluo-8 (Sunnyvale, CA, USA). Antibodies used in the study are NCX2 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA), CDH1 (Promab, Changsha, USA), Slug, Snail, AKT1, phospho-AKT1 (S473), HLA-B, ACTB, and GAPDH (ABclonal, Wuhan, China). Antagomir-193a-5p was purchased from RIBOBIO (Guangzhou, China).

Cell culture

The cell lines SaOS-2, U-2OS, SJSA-1, MG63 and hFOB1.19 were obtained from ATCC (Manassas, VA, USA) and cultured according to the instructions of ATCC. All the cell lines were mycoplasma-free and authenticated using short tandem repeat analysis by Yubo Biological Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).

Lentivirus and transduction

Lentiviruses expressing miR-193a precursor and the miR-193a-5p target sequence (TCATCTCGCCCGCAAAGACCCA) were used to overexpress and interfere with the expression of miR-193a-5p, respectively. A lentivirus expressing a nontarget sequence (TTCTCCGAACGTGTCACGT) was used as a control. All lentiviruses were purchased from GeneChem (Shanghai, China). Infection and selection for stable cell lines were performed as described previously [10].

Adenovirus and transduction

The adenoviruses expressing NCX2, empty vector, NCX2 shRNA (target sequence: GCACCTGAGAGTCTTCTTT) or scramble shRNA (nontarget sequence: TTCTCCGAACGTGTCACGT) were obtained from Obio Technology Corp (Shanghai, China). Transductions were performed according to the instruction of manufacturers.

RNA preparation, reverse transcription and qRT-PCR

Total RNA was extracted from cell lines or human osteosarcoma tissues using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). For analysis of mRNA levels, total RNA was reverse-transcribed into cDNA using the All-in-One First-Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (GeneCopoeia, Guanzhou, China), the cDNA was then used as a template for real-time PCR with the SYBR Green master kit (GeneCopoeia). The primers for NCX2 are AAGCACCTGAGAGTCTTCTTTGT (forward) and, CAGGCGAATACCACGCACA (reverse). The primers for control 18 S rRNA are CGGCGACGACCCATTCGAAC (forward) and GAATCGAACCCTGATTCCCCGTC (reverse). The expression of mature miRNA was detected with an All-in-One miRNA qRT-PCR kit (GeneCopoeia). Briefly, total RNA was first polyadenylated by poly(A) polymerase and converted into cDNA by reverse transcriptase with oligo-dT primer. Then the cDNA was used as a template for real-time PCR with universal primer and miR-193a-5p-specific primer provided in the kit.

In vitro assay

Colony formation assays, wound healing assays and transwell invasion assays were performed as described previously [27].

Plasmids, transfection and luciferase assay

The wild-type or mutated target sequence (miRNA response element, MRE) of miR-193a-5p were cloned into the dual-luciferase miRNA target expression vector pmirGLO (Promega Corporation, Madison, WI, USA) as described previously [10]. The resulting plasmids were co-transfected with miR-193a-5p mimics or scramble miRNA into Hek293 cell. At 24 h post-transfection, luciferase assay was performed as described previously [10].

Metastatic xenograft model

BALB/c nude male mice (4-6-weeks-old) were purchased from SLACCAS Jingda (Changsha, China). SaOS-2 or U2-OS cells stably overexpressing expressing miR-193a precursor, miR-193a-5p target sequence or nontarget sequence were implanted into nude mice by tail vein injection. After the experiment, the mice were sacrificed, the tumor nodules formed on the lung and liver surfaces were counted, and the lungs and livers were embedded in paraffin for HE staining and immunohistochemistry (IHC) assays.

Subcutaneous xenograft model

SaOS-2 cells were subcutaneously injected into BALB/c nude male mice (4-6-weeks-old). At 12 days after injection, the mice were randomly divided into 4 groups (5 mice per group), and treated with vehicle + antagomir-scramble, vehicle + antagomir-193a-5p, afuresertib + antagomir-scramble or afuresertib + antagomir-193a-5p. The vehicle and afuresertib (1 mg/mouse) were administered via oral gavage every other day for 16 days. Antagomir-scramble and antagomir-193a-5p (15 μg/mouse) were administered by intratumoral injection every four days for 16 days. The body weight and tumor size were measured every 2 days. After the experiment, the mice were dissected and the tumor was removed and subjected to weighing, imaging and IHC.

Measure of intracellular calcium concentration

Cells were incubated with Fluo-8 (4 μM) in a 37 °C, 5% CO₂ incubator for 1 hour, then washed with PBS three times. Then, fluorescence excitation at 492 nm was measured by flow cytometry.

TMT-labeling LC-MS/MS

The U-2OS cells stably expressing miR-193a precursor, miR-193a-5p target or a non-target sequence were lysed and digested as described by Wisniewski et al. [28]. 100 μg peptide mixture of each sample was labeled with 10-plex TMT reagents (Thermo Fisher Scientific). The labeled samples were equally mixed, then fractionated into 8 fractions by Pierce high pH reversed-phase fractionation kit (Thermo fisher scientific). Each fraction was analyzed by nanoLC-MS/MS on a Q Exactive mass spectrometer (Thermo Scientific) that was coupled to Easy nLC (Thermo fisher scientific). MS/MS spectra were searched using MASCOT engine (Matrix Science, London, UK; version 2.2) embedded into Proteome Discoverer 1.4. The mass spectrometry proteomics data have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange Consortium via the PRIDE [29] partner repository with the dataset identifier PXD013987.

Statistical analysis

All statistical analyses were conducted with SPSS 22.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). The values are presented as means ± SD. Differences between two groups were analyzed using Student's t-test, and the frequencies of two groups were compared using the chi-squared test.

Results

MiR-193a-5p is upregulated in osteosarcoma

The expression of miR-193a-5p was investigated in 25 pairs of primary osteosarcoma and corresponding adjacent noncancerous tissues by qRT-PCR. The results showed that miR-193a-5p was expressed at significantly higher levels in the tumor tissues than in the corresponding adjacent noncancerous tissues (Figure 1A). Moreover, the level of miR-193a-5p in osteosarcoma cell lines (MG63, SJSA-1, SaOS-2 and U-2OS) was significantly higher than that in the normal human osteoblast hFOB1.19 cell line (Figure 1B).

MiR-193a-5p promotes colony formation, migration, invasion, and EMT of osteosarcoma cells

To explore the role of miR-193a-5p in osteosarcoma, we used a lentivirus-mediated expression system to interfere with miR-193a-5p expression in SaOS-2 cells, which have high levels of endogenous miR-193a-5p, and to overexpress or interfere with miR-193a-5p in U-2OS cells, which have moderate levels of endogenous miR-193a-5p (Figure 1C). Compared with the cells infected with negative control lentivirus, the cells infected with anti-miR-193a-5p lentivirus formed much fewer colonies, while the cells infected with pre-miR-193a-5p had much more colonies (Figure 1D). Wound healing and transwell invasion assays showed that overexpressing miR-193a-5p promoted, but silencing miR-193a-5p decreased, cell migration and invasion (Figure 1E-F).

 Figure 1 

miR-193a-5p is upregulated in osteosarcoma tissues and promotes colony formation, migration, invasion and EMT. A-C. RT-qPCR was used to detect relative level (RL) of miR-193a-5p in osteosarcoma tissues (A), cell lines (B) and the cells (C) stably expressing pre-miR-193a (193UP), anti-miR-193a-5p (193DN) and non-target sequence (Ctrl). D. Representative images of colony (left panel) and the colony numbers (right panel). Bar length: 1 cm. E. Representative images (left panel) of wound area at the indicated time and percentage of wound closure (right panel). Bar length: 20 µm. F. Representative images (left panel) and numbers (right panel) of invaded cells in the Transwell invasion assay. Bar length: 20 µm. G. The influence of miR-193a-5p on EMT-related marker was determined by Western blotting. All the values were presented as means + SD for three independent experiments. Differences between two groups were analyzed by student t-test; * p ≤ 0.05, ** p ≤ 0.01.

 Figure 2 

miR-193a-5p promotes osteosarcoma metastasis to both liver and lung in xenograft mice. About 1×10⁶ of the U-2OS cells stably over-expressing pre-miR-193a-5p (193UP), ant-miR-193a-5p (193DN) or non-target sequence (Ctrl) were implanted into nude mice (n = 5 per group) by tail-vein injection. At 37 days after injection, the mice were sacrificed. A-B. Gross appearance (upper panel, bar length: 1cm) and HE staining (middle panel, bar length: 500 µm; lower panel, bar length: 50 µm) of liver and lung, the arrows indicate the metastatic nodules on the surface of livers. C. The number of nodules on liver surface. D-E. The diameter of nodules in liver and lung. F-G. The expressions of EMT-related markers in liver and lung were determined by IHC. Bar length in the picture of liver and lung: 1cm, bar length in the picture of HE and IHC: 50 µm.

EMT plays a key role in malignant progression [30]. Thus, we investigated the effects of miR-193a-5p on several EMT markers. Overexpression of miR-193a-5p reduced the expression of the epithelial marker CDH1, but augmented the expression of the mesenchymal cell markers Slug and Snail. Conversely, knockdown of miR-193a-5p increased CDH1 expression, but decreased the expression of Slug and Snail (Figure 1G). These results indicate that miR-193a-5p promote EMT process.

MiR-193a-5p promotes osteosarcoma metastasis in a xenograft mouse model

To investigate the effects of miR-193a-5p on metastasis, U-2OS cells stably overexpressing pre-miR-193a-5p, ant-miR-193a-5p or nontarget sequence were implanted into nude mice by tail-vein injection. At 37 days after injection, all mice were euthanized, the metastatic nodules on the surface of the liver and lung were counted, and metastatic lesions were detected by HE staining. Compared with those in mice injected with control cells, the liver metastatic nodules were more and larger in the mice injected with U-2OS-193UP, but fewer and smaller in the mice injected with U-2OS-193DN (Figure 2A, 2C and 2D). There were no visible metastatic nodules on the surface of the lung, but HE staining showed that there were more and larger metastatic nodules in the lung of the pre-miR-193a-group than in the anti-miR-193a-5p group or control group (Figure 2B and 2E). IHC staining showed that miR-193a-5p overexpression decreased CDH1 expression but increased the expression of Snail and Slug, whereas miR-193a-5p knockdown had completely opposite effects in both the liver and lung (Figure 2F-G).

 Figure 3 

miR-193a-5p negatively regulates the expression of NCX2 gene. A. Western blotting was performed to detect the influence of miR-193a-5p on the expression of HLA-B and NCX2. B. Diagram of the binding between miR-193a-5p seed sequence and the 3′-UTR of NCX2. The mutated nucleotides in the pmirGLO-mtMRE construct were underlined. C. Each luciferase construct (pmirGLO-MRE, pmirGLO-mtMRE) was co-transfected with miR-193a-5p mimics or negative control (miR-NC) into HEK293 cells. At 24 h post-transfection, the luciferase activity was examined and normalized to Renilla luciferase activity. D. Western blotting was used to detect the expression of NCX2 in 6 pairs of osteosarcoma (T) and the matched adjacent non-cancerous (N) tissues. E. RT-qPCR was performed to detect the mRNA level of NCX2 in 25 pairs of osteosarcoma and the matched adjacent non-cancerous tissues. F-G. The correlation between NCX2 level and miR-193a-5p (or miR-193a-3p) in osteosarcoma tissues.

Additionally, we constructed a xenograft mouse model using SaOS-2 cells stably overexpressing pre-miR-193a-5p, ant-miR-193a-5p or nontarget sequence and obtained results (Supplementary Figure S1) consistent with those observed in the U-2OS-derived xenograft mouse model.

Quantitative proteomics analysis identifies NCX2 as a potential target of miR-193a-5p

To identify the potential target genes of miR-193a-5p, we used TMT-based quantitative proteomics to analyse the differential expression of proteins following overexpression or knockdown of miR-193a-5p in U-2OS. By analyzing the results of three biological triplicates, we found that 90 proteins were downregulated (fold change <0.833, p<0.05) and 140 proteins were upregulated (fold change > 1.20, p<0.05) after ectopic expression of pre-miR-193a (Supplementary Table S2), while 303 proteins were downregulated and 375 proteins were upregulated following knockdown of miR-193a-5p (Supplementary Table S3). Among the differentially regulated proteins, only two proteins (NCX2 and HLA-B) were both downregulated by pre-miR-193a overexpression and upregulated by knockdown of miR-193a-5p, but no protein was both upregulated by pre-miR-193a overexpression and downregulated by knockdown of miR-193a-5p. Western blotting further confirmed that overexpression of miR-193a-5p in U-2OS decreased, while knockdown of miR-193a-5p in U-2OS or SaOS-2 increased, the levels of NCX2 and HLA-B proteins (Figure 3A). These results suggest that NCX2 and HLA-B are potential targets of miR-193a-5p.

MiR-193a-5p directly targets NCX2 in osteosarcoma

We then search the potential binding site (miRNA response element, MRE) of miR-193a-5p in the NCX2 and HLA-B genes by miRWalker, a comprehensive database for the prediction of MREs [31]. An MRE for miR-193a-5p was identified in the 3′- UTR of NCX2 (Figure 3B), but not in the 3′-UTR, 5′-UTR or coding sequence of the HLA-B gene. To confirm whether the predicted MRE in NCX2 could be recognized by miR-193a-5p, the wildtype or mutant MRE was cloned downstream of the firefly luciferase gene in the pmirGLO vector and cotransfected with miR-193a-5p mimics. Luciferase activity assays showed that miR-193a-5 significantly suppressed the luciferase activity of pmirGLO-MRE, but not that of pmirGLO-mtMRE (Figure 3C). These results suggest that NCX2 is a direct target of miR-193a-5p.

We further detected NCX2 expression in osteosarcoma tissues by qRT-PCR and Western blotting and found that both NCX2 mRNA and protein levels were significantly lower in osteosarcoma tissues than in the corresponding normal tissues (Figure 3D-E). Correlation analysis showed that NCX2 mRNA was negatively corelated with the levels of miR-193a-5p and miR-193a-3p (Figure 3F-G). Compared with miR-193a-5p, miR-193a-3p had a weaker association with NCX2, possibly because NCX2 is mainly regulated by pomiR-193a-5p. The above results indicated that miR-193a-5p recognized NCX2 mRNA and negatively regulated the expression of NCX2.

 Figure 4 

MiR-193a-5p promotes colony formation, migration, invasion and EMT by targeting NCX2. The U-2OS cells stably expressing pre-miR-193a (193UP), anti-miR-193a-5p (193DN) or non-target sequence (Ctrl) were infected with the adenovirus expressing NCX2, empty vector (Vec), NCX shRNA (shNCX2), or scramble shRNA (shNC). A. Representative images of colony (left panel) and the colony numbers (right panel). B. Representative images of wound area at the indicated time. C. Representative images of invade cells. D-E. Data (mean+SD) represent the result of three independent wound healing assay (D) and Transwell invasion assay (E). F. Western blotting of EMT-related markers. Bar length: 20 µm.

MiR-193a-5p promotes colony formation, migration, invasion and EMT by targeting NCX2

To assess whether miR-193a-5p exerts oncogenic effects by targeting NCX2, we upregulated (or downregulated) NCX2 expression by adenovirus-mediated transfer of its cDNA (or shRNA) into cells and performed in vitro assays. As shown in Figure 4A-E, NCX2 overexpression reduced, while miR-193-5p overexpression increased, the colony formation, migration and invasion of U-2OS cells. Moreover, the increase in colony formation, migration and invasion induced by miR-193a-5p overexpression could be abrogated by NCX2 overexpression. Conversely, NCX2 knockdown increased, while miR-193-5p knockdown decreased, colony formation, cell migration and invasion, and the effects of miR-193a-5p knockdown were counteracted by NCX2 knockdown (Figure 4). Additionally, the effects of NCX2 and miR-193a-5p on EMT-related proteins were investigated. Consistent with the above results (Figure 1G), miR-193a-5p overexpression promoted the EMT process, while NCX2 overexpression reduced the effects of miR-193a-5p overexpression on the expressions of EMT-related marker (Figure 4F). Moreover, the effects of miR-193a-5p knockdown were rescued by knockdown of NCX2 (Figure 4F). We repeated the above experiments in SaOS-2 cells and obtained similar results (Supplementary Figure S2). These results suggest miR-193a-5p plays oncogenic roles by targeting NCX2.

NCX2 suppresses the EMT process by inhibiting Ca²⁺-dependent Akt phosphorylation

NCXs normally extrude Ca²⁺ from the cell [16, 17]. The Ca²⁺ indicator Fluo-8 was used to measure the influence of NCX2 on intracellular free Ca²⁺ levels. The results showed that overexpression of NCX2 in SaOS-2 cells reduced, while knockdown of NCX2 in U2-OS cells increased, the level of intracellular free Ca²⁺ (Figure 5A-B) indicating that NCX2 promoted Ca²⁺ efflux. It has been reported that AKT is activated by Ca²⁺/calmodulin (CaM)-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 (CaMKK2) in a Ca²⁺/CaM-dependent manner [32]. Therefore, we detected the effects of NCX2 on AKT phosphorylation. As expected, NCX2 suppressed the phosphorylation of AKT1 (Figure 5C). Further experiments demonstrated that the suppression of AKT phosphorylation by NCX2 could be rescued by ionomycin-induced Ca²⁺ influx (Figure 5D). These results indicated that NCX2 suppressed AKT phosphorylation by reducing intracellular free Ca²⁺ levels.

Moreover, we investigated whether NCX2 plays a role in the EMT process by affecting AKT phosphorylation. As shown in Figure 5E, the effects of NCX2 overexpression on the expression of EMT-related markers were suppressed by the AKT activator SC-79, but enhanced by the AKT inhibitor afuresertib. The above results suggest that NCX2 suppresses the EMT process by inactivating the Akt pathway.

Knockdown of miR-193a-5p sensitizes osteosarcoma to afuresertib

Afuresertib is an oral AKT inhibitor with cytotoxic and antiproliferative activities against various kinds of cancer cells. The above results indicated that miR-193a-5p activates AKT by targeting NCX2. Therefore, we explored whether downregulation of miR-193a-5p enhances the effects of afuresertib treatment. In vitro assays showed that knockdown of miR-193a-5p decreased, while overexpression of miR-193a-5p increased, the IC50 value of afuresertib in SaOS-2 and U-2OS cells (Figure 6A-C). Then, a subcutaneous tumor model was generated for in vivo evaluation of the efficacy of antagomir-193a-5p (a chemically-modified single-stranded miR-193a-5p inhibitor) and afuresertib. The results showed that treatment with antagomir-193a-5p or afuresertib alone could suppress the growth of tumor and metastasis to both liver and lung in osteosarcoma xenograft mice, while the combination treatment had stronger anti-tumor effect (Figure 6D-J).

 Figure 5 

NCX2 suppresses EMT process by inhibiting Ca²⁺-dependent Akt phosphorylation. A-B. Flow cytometric analysis of intracellular Ca²⁺ concentration after staining with Fluo-8. Representative images (A) and corresponding statistical plots (B) were shown, respectively. All the values were presented as means + SD for three independent experiments. C. Western blotting analysis of phosphorylated and total AKT levels 72 h after infected with adenovirus. D. Western blotting analysis of phosphorylated AKT levels. At 72 h after adenovirus introduction, cells were treated with/without ionomycin + Ca²⁺. E. Western blotting analysis of EMT-related proteins. Cells were treated with adenovirus, SC-79, or afuresertib (Afu) for 72h, then were subjected for WB.

 Figure 6 

Knockdown of miR-193a-5p sensitizes osteosarcoma to afuresertib (Afu). A-B. The influence of miR-193a-5p on Afu cytotoxicity. Cells stably expressing pre-miR-193a (193UP), anti-miR-193a-5p (193DN) or non-target sequence (Ctrl) were treated with the indicated concentration of Afu for 48h, and then cell viability were determined by MTT assy. C. The IC50 of Afu. D-J. In vivo evaluating the anti-tumor efficacy of antagomir-193a-5p (anti-193a-5p) and Afu. Saos-2 cells are subcutaneously injected into BALB/c nude male mice. At 12 days after injection, the mice are randomly divided into 4 groups (5 mice per group), and treated with vehicle (Veh) + antagomir-scramble (anti-NC), Veh + anti-193a-5p, Afu + anti-NC or Afu + anti-193a-5p. D. Images of xenograft tumors, bar length: 1 cm. E. Dynamic volume of xenograft tumors at different time after injection. F. Weight of xenograft tumors. G. Gross appearance (upper panel, bar length: 1cm) and HE staining (middle panel, bar length: 500 µm; lower panel, bar length: 50 µm) of liver and lung, the arrows indicate the metastatic nodules on the surface of livers. H. number of nodules on liver surface. I-J. The diameter of nodules in liver and lung.

Discussion

In this study, we demonstrated that miR-193a-5p was upregulated in osteosarcoma tissues and promoted colony formation, migration, invasion and metastasis. It indicates that miR-193a-5p plays an oncogenic role in osteosarcoma. This result is consistent with the report by Jacques et al [14]. Osteosarcoma is prone to lung metastases [3], and the liver is an extremely rare metastatic site of osteosarcoma [33]. However, in the metastasis mouse models, we found that miR-193a-5p significantly enhanced osteosarcoma metastasis to both the lung and liver.

Genome-wide miRNA target screening by quantitative proteomics identified NCX2 as a potential target of miR-193a-5p. Luciferase activity assays and Western blotting further confirmed that miR-193a-5p recognized the 3′-UTR of NCX2 mRNA, and negatively suppressed NCX2 expression. In osteosarcoma clinical samples, miR-193a-5p levels were negatively correlated with NCX2 expression. Ectopic expression of NCX2 in osteosarcoma cells could reverse the oncogenic effects of miR-193a-5p. These results indicate that miR-193a-5p exerts its effects by targeting NCX2.

 Figure 7 

A schematic diagram illustrating the miR-193a-5p/NCX2/AKT axis in osteosarcoma.

NCXs normally extrude Ca²⁺ from the cell but also bring Ca²⁺ into the cell under special conditions [16, 17]. We found that NCX2 levels are negatively correlated with intracellular Ca²⁺ concentrations. Intracellular Ca²⁺ is a second messenger involved in regulating various cellular processes, including cell proliferation and apoptosis in cancer [21, 34]. It has been reported that the concentration of intracellular Ca²⁺ is higher in the osteosarcoma cell line MG-63 than the normal osteoblast line hFOB1.19, and activation of calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) promotes osteosarcoma cell proliferation by upregulating phosphorylation of ERK1/2, PI3K and AKT [35]. In ovarian cancer cells, AKT is phosphorylated by CaMKK2 in a Ca²⁺-dependent manner [32]. Takahashi et al also demonstrated that TRPA1, a Ca²⁺-influx channel protects cancer cells from apoptotic death by upregulating ERK and PI3K/AKT pathways in a Ca²⁺ -dependent manner [36]. These results showed that intracellular Ca²⁺ promoted AKT activation. Our results demonstrated that ectopic expression of NCX2 reduced intracellular Ca²⁺ concentration and AKT phosphorylation, and the effect of NCX2 on AKT phosphorylation could be rescued by increasing Ca²⁺ influx. This indicates that NCX2 possibly prevents AKT activation by decreasing the concentration of intracellular Ca²⁺.

AKT activation has been shown to induce EMT by decreasing CDH1 expression and increasing MMP9 expression [37]. Our results showed that NCX2 suppresses EMT by increasing CDH1 expression and decreasing the expression of Slug and Snail. Moreover, the effect of NCX2 on the EMT process could be abrogated by AKT activator, but enhanced by an AKT inhibitor. This indicates that NCX2 suppressed EMT via AKT.

Based on our results, miR-193a-5p targets NCX2, while downregulation of NCX2 leads to AKT activation by increasing Ca²⁺ influx, thus facilitating EMT and metastasis of osteosarcoma (Figure 7).

AKT is overactivated in various cancers, and its inhibitors (such as afuresertib and ipatasertib) are promising drug candidates for cancer treatment [38]. However, the role of AKT inhibitor for treatment of osteosaroma is not clear. In this paper, afuresertib alone suppressed the growth of tumor in osteosarcoma xenograft mice, while the combination treatment with antagomir-193a-5p had stronger anti-tumor effect. Therefore, antagomir-193a-5p has therapeutic potential in the treatment of osteosarcoma.

In conclusion, we demonstrated that miR-193a-5p was upregulated in osteosarcoma tissues and promoted colony formation, migration, invasion, and EMT in vitro, as well as metastasis in vivo. Mechanistically, miR-193a-5p targeted NCX2, while NCX2 suppressed the EMT process by inactivating Ca²⁺-dependent AKT activation. Collectively, this study revealed a miR-193a-5p/NCX2/AKT signaling axis in the progression of osteosarcoma, which may provide a new therapeutic target for osteosarcoma treatment.

Supplementary Material

Supplementary figures.

Supplementary tables.

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Shanghai Applied Protein Technology Co., Ltd. (APTBIO) for the technical support in proteome analysis. This study was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81902745), Hunan Provincial Research and Development Program in Key Areas (2019WK2071, 2020DK2003), and China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 2021M693557).

Competing Interests

The authors have declared that no competing interest exists.

References

1. Nie Z, Peng H. Osteosarcoma in patients below 25 years of age: An observational study of incidence, metastasis, treatment and outcomes. Oncol Lett. 2018;16:6502-14

2. Misaghi A, Goldin A, Awad M, Kulidjian AA. Osteosarcoma: a comprehensive review. SICOT J. 2018;4:12

3. Huang X, Zhao J, Bai J, Shen H, Zhang B, Deng L. et al. Risk and clinicopathological features of osteosarcoma metastasis to the lung: A population-based study. J Bone Oncol. 2019;16:100230

4. Simpson E, Brown HL. Understanding osteosarcomas. JAAPA. 2018;31:15-9

5. Yang Z, Chen JS, Wen JK, Gao HT, Zheng B, Qu CB. et al. Silencing of miR-193a-5p increases the chemosensitivity of prostate cancer cells to docetaxel. Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research: CR. 2017;36:178

6. Xie ZC, Tang RX, Gao X, Xie QN, Lin JY, Chen G. et al. A meta-analysis and bioinformatics exploration of the diagnostic value and molecular mechanism of miR-193a-5p in lung cancer. Oncol Lett. 2018;16:4114-28

7. Jin Y, Wong YS, Goh BKP, Chan CY, Cheow PC, Chow PKH. et al. Circulating microRNAs as Potential Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Sci Rep. 2019;9:10464

8. Li M, Wu P, Yang Z, Deng S, Ni L, Zhang Y. et al. miR-193a-5p promotes pancreatic cancer cell metastasis through SRSF6-mediated alternative splicing of OGDHL and ECM1. Am J Cancer Res. 2020;10:38-59

9. Yang Z, Qu CB, Zhang Y, Zhang WF, Wang DD, Gao CC. et al. Dysregulation of p53-RBM25-mediated circAMOTL1L biogenesis contributes to prostate cancer progression through the circAMOTL1L-miR-193a-5p-Pcdha pathway. Oncogene. 2019;38:2516-32

10. Zhou J, Duan H, Xie Y, Ning Y, Zhang X, Hui N. et al. MiR-193a-5p Targets the Coding Region of AP-2alpha mRNA and Induces Cisplatin Resistance in Bladder Cancers. J Cancer. 2016;7:1740-6

11. Xie F, Hosany S, Zhong S, Jiang Y, Zhang F, Lin L. et al. MicroRNA-193a inhibits breast cancer proliferation and metastasis by downregulating WT1. PLoS One. 2017;12:e0185565

12. Lin CH, Tsai CH, Yeh CT, Liang JL, Hung WC, Lin FC. et al. MiR-193a-5p/ERBB2 act as concurrent chemoradiation therapy response indicator of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Oncotarget. 2016;7:39680-93

13. Sun H, Yan J, Tian G, Chen X, Song W. LINC01224 accelerates malignant transformation via MiR-193a-5p/CDK8 axis in gastric cancer. Cancer medicine. 2021;10:1377-93

14. Jacques C, Calleja LR, Baud'huin M, Quillard T, Heymann D, Lamoureux F. et al. miRNA-193a-5p repression of p73 controls Cisplatin chemoresistance in primary bone tumors. Oncotarget. 2016;7:54503-14

15. Pu Y, Zhao F, Cai W, Meng X, Li Y, Cai S. MiR-193a-3p and miR-193a-5p suppress the metastasis of human osteosarcoma cells by down-regulating Rab27B and SRR, respectively. Clin Exp Metastasis. 2016;33:359-72

16. Lytton J. Na+/Ca2+ exchangers: three mammalian gene families control Ca2+ transport. Biochem J. 2007;406:365-82

17. Khananshvili D. The SLC8 gene family of sodium-calcium exchangers (NCX) - structure, function, and regulation in health and disease. Mol Aspects Med. 2013;34:220-35

18. Azuma YT, Hayashi S, Nishiyama K, Kita S, Mukai K, Nakajima H. et al. Na(+) /Ca(2+) exchanger-heterozygote knockout mice display increased relaxation in gastric fundus and accelerated gastric transit in vivo. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2016;28:827-36

19. Gotoh Y, Kita S, Fujii M, Tagashira H, Horie I, Arai Y. et al. Genetic knockout and pharmacologic inhibition of NCX2 cause natriuresis and hypercalciuria. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2015;456:670-5

20. Albano G, Dolder S, Siegrist M, Mercier-Zuber A, Auberson M, Stoudmann C. et al. Increased bone resorption by osteoclast-specific deletion of the sodium/calcium exchanger isoform 1 (NCX1). Pflugers Arch. 2017;469:225-33

21. Zhong T, Pan X, Wang J, Yang B, Ding L. The regulatory roles of calcium channels in tumors. Biochem Pharmacol. 2019;169:113603

22. Rodrigues T, Estevez GNN, Tersariol I. Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchangers: Unexploited opportunities for cancer therapy? Biochem Pharmacol. 2019;163:357-61

23. Xu J, Yang Y, Xie R, Liu J, Nie X, An J. et al. The NCX1/TRPC6 Complex Mediates TGFbeta-Driven Migration and Invasion of Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. Cancer Res. 2018;78:2564-76

24. Qu M, Yu J, Liu H, Ren Y, Ma C, Bu X. et al. The Candidate Tumor Suppressor Gene SLC8A2 Inhibits Invasion, Angiogenesis and Growth of Glioblastoma. Mol Cells. 2017;40:761-72

25. Qu M, Jiao H, Zhao J, Ren ZP, Smits A, Kere J. et al. Molecular genetic and epigenetic analysis of NCX2/SLC8A2 at 19q13.3 in human gliomas. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2010;36:198-210

26. Beltran AS, Russo A, Lara H, Fan C, Lizardi PM, Blancafort P. Suppression of breast tumor growth and metastasis by an engineered transcription factor. PLoS One. 2011;6:e24595

27. Ning Y, Wang C, Liu X, Du Y, Liu S, Liu K. et al. CK2-mediated CCDC106 phosphorylation is required for p53 degradation in cancer progression. Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research. 2019 38

28. Wisniewski JR, Zougman A, Nagaraj N, Mann M. Universal sample preparation method for proteome analysis. Nat Methods. 2009;6:359-62

29. Perez-Riverol Y, Csordas A, Bai J, Bernal-Llinares M, Hewapathirana S, Kundu DJ. et al. The PRIDE database and related tools and resources in 2019: improving support for quantification data. Nucleic Acids Res. 2019;47:D442-D50

30. Dongre A, Weinberg RA. New insights into the mechanisms of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and implications for cancer. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2019;20:69-84

31. Sticht C, De La Torre C, Parveen A, Gretz N. miRWalk: An online resource for prediction of microRNA binding sites. PLoS One. 2018;13:e0206239

32. Gocher AM, Azabdaftari G, Euscher LM, Dai S, Karacosta LG, Franke TF. et al. Akt activation by Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 (CaMKK2) in ovarian cancer cells. J Biol Chem. 2017;292:14188-204

33. Yu WX, Yao Y. Metastatic osteosarcoma to the liver and the kidney: a case report and review of the literature. BMJ Case Rep. 2009. 2009

34. Terrie E, Coronas V, Constantin B. Role of the calcium toolkit in cancer stem cells. Cell Calcium. 2019;80:141-51

35. Zhao W, Zhang Z, Zheng L, You C, Chi H, Zhang T. et al. Calcium-sensing receptor activating ERK1/2 and PI3K-Akt pathways to induce the proliferation of osteosarcoma cells. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2020;47:517-9

36. Takahashi N, Chen HY, Harris IS, Stover DG, Selfors LM, Bronson RT. et al. Cancer Cells Co-opt the Neuronal Redox-Sensing Channel TRPA1 to Promote Oxidative-Stress Tolerance. Cancer Cell. 2018;33:985-1003 e7

37. Karimi Roshan M, Soltani A, Soleimani A, Rezaie Kahkhaie K, Afshari AR, Soukhtanloo M. Role of AKT and mTOR signaling pathways in the induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process. Biochimie. 2019;165:229-34

38. Uko NE, Guner OF, Matesic DF, Bowen JP. Akt Pathway Inhibitors. Curr Top Med Chem. 2020;20:883-900

Author contact

Corresponding author: Zhihong Li, Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China. E-mail: lizhihongedu.cn; Jianlin Zhou, Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, China. E-mail: jlzhouedu.cn.

Received 2021-3-27
Accepted 2021-7-28
Published 2021-8-8

Citation styles

©2024 Ivyspring International Publisher. Terms of use